TRANSLATION Protein Synthesis

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TRANSLATION Protein Synthesis Assembling Amino Acids

Protein Structure Proteins (polymers) are composed from many amino acids (monomers) which create covalent peptide bonds during a dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction. The specific sequence of amino acids determines which protein is created. oxytocin cys-tyr-gln-asn-cys-pro-leu-gly somatostatin ala-gly-cys-lys-asn-phe-phe-trp-lys-phe-thr-ser-cys

Amino Acid Structure A centrally located carbon with four attachments: hydrogen atom carboxyl group (–COOH) amino group (–NH2) R group (distinguishes between amino acids) Amino acids bond during dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions

How do we get from DNA to proteins How do we get from DNA to proteins? DNA –-------------- RNA ------------– proteins transcription translation (in nucleus) (in cytoplasm at ribosomes) First transcription occurs which makes the RNA Then, translation occurs which matches the amino acids to the correct sequence of RNA using the Genetic Code Holt Biology Interactive Tutor 6-6 TRANSLATION

The Genetic Code It is the matching of the RNA sequence to the correct amino acid to make proteins. It is based on codons, 3 nitrogen bases next to each other on an mRNA chain. The 3 bases on a tRNA are called the anticodon, they are the complement of the codon.

The Genetic Code continued... There are 64 codons, but 20 amino acids, so each amino acid has multiple codons that code for it. There are 4 special start/stop codons that signal the beginning or end of a protein chain. START – AUG STOP – UAA, UAG, UGA

Start/Stop Codons AUG is the start codon. A protein will not be made unless this is at the beginning. It also codes for methionine. UAA, UAG, and UGA code for the end of protein. Protein synthesis will not start or stop unless these are read.

Genetic Code Square

Genetic Code Circle

Translation Begins when mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores and migrates to the ribosomes. tRNA will provide the transportation of the correct amino acids to the ribosomes.

Translation Step 1: Ribosome attachs to the start codon (AUG) of the mRNA. Step 2: A tRNA w/ the anticodon of UAC and a methionine binds to the mRNA inside the ribosome. Step 3: At the 2nd binding site, the next codon is read and a tRNA is attached Step 4: When the second tRNA attaches, the amino acids attached to the 1st tRNA releases from the tRNA and binds to the new amino acid with a peptide bond

Translation (continued) Step 5: The 1st tRNA is released and the ribosome moves to another codon (3 nucleotides). Step 6: When a stop codon is reached, translation stops and the ribosome releases the mRNA and the created protein.

Animations http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swf http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/JWANAMAKER/animations/Protein%20Synthesis%20-%20long.html http://biology.kenyon.edu/slonc/bio3/ribo/ribo3.html

Protein synthesis analogy