1. PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS

2. REVIEW OF PROTEINS
1. Proteins are long polymers of
amino acids

3. _____ amino acids make up proteins in living things.
3. The only difference in amino acids is the ___________ 20
“R” group

5. Remember proteins make up all parts of your body, including the brain, that controls learning and behavior! Proteins coded for in your DNA are
hormones, enzymes, clotting factors, antibodies, contractile proteins and transport proteins.
So how your body functions is also coded for by your DNA!

6. Transport
Clotting factors (fibrin)
Antibodies
Enzymes
Hormones

7. COLLAGEN
ANTIBODY
LUCIFERASE
AMYLASE
TRANSCRIPTASE
DNA POLYMERASE

8. Twenty amino acids make up all of the proteins
in the world: a) b)
by being put in different orders or sequences
by being put in different lengths of chains

9. The DNA code tells the cell three things about
the protein:
1) _______ amino acids to get to make the protein,
2) ____________ to put those amino acids in to
make the correct protein and
3) _____________of the amino acid chain.
Which
What order
The length

10. THE GENETIC CODE AND PROTEINS REVIEW
An organism’s genetic code is:
in the sequence of the bases in the DNA molecule.
The genetic code is for proteins—:
So how your body functions is also coded for by
your DNA!!!!!

11. Hence, our cells putting amino acids in the correct
The order of the amino acids determines how a protein
folds--this determines its shape and its function!!!
Hence, our cells putting amino acids in the correct
order for our proteins to function is crucial!!!

12. Hemoglobin polypeptide/protein
val his leu thr pro glu glu lys ser ala val thr ala leu tyr gly lys val asn val asp glu val gly gly glu ala leu gly arg leu leu val val tyr pro try thr gln arg phe phe glu ser phe gly asp leu ser thr pro asp ala val met gly asn pro lys val lys ala his gly lys lys val leu gly ala phe ser asp gly leu ala his leu asp asp leu lys gly thr phe ala thr leu ser gln leu his cys asp lys leu his val asp pro glu asn phe arg leu leu gly asn val leu val cys val leu ala his his phe gly lys glu phe thr pro pro val gln ala ala tyr gln lys val val ala gly val ala asp ala leu ala his lys tyr his

13. TACCCCGGGTTTAAAATCCAGCGGTACATAGCTATC
DNA’s protein code is read in groups of three base pairs called a ________. Each triplet is the code for _____ of the 20 amino acids that make up living things. A group of triplets that code for the amino acids needed to make 1 protein is called a _______.
codon
one
gene
TACCCCGGGTTTAAAATCCAGCGGTACATAGCTATC
GENE = 1 PROTEIN GENE = 1 PROTEIN
TRIPLET = 1 AMINO ACID

14. DNA which resides in the nucleus
THE PROBLEM: The code for making your proteins is in:
The sites to actually make proteins are on the:
DNA which resides in the nucleus
ribosomes that are out in the cytoplasm
DNA
RER
RIBOSOME
NUCLEUS
SER
DNA is too large to move through the nuclear membrane and take the code for the proteins
out to the ribosomes…. so how did the cell solve this problem?

15. THE SOLUTION: Another smaller molecule, that can go through the nuclear membrane was created, that takes the code from:
DNA, goes through the nuclear membrane and takes the code to the ribosomes.
This new molecule, messenger RNA or mRNA is one of the three forms of:
RNA or ribonucleic acid
mRNA

17. RNA: THE OTHER NUCLEIC ACID.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA
DNA RNA
1. DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR RIBOSE SUGAR
2. DOUBLE STRANDED SINGLE STRANDED
3. THYMINE URACIL
4. ONE FORM THREE FORMS

18. DNA
C●G
G●C
A●T
T●A
RNA

20. MESSENGER RNA--mRNA TYPES OF RNA
There are three types of RNA. They all have different shapes, different functions and are located in different areas of the cell.
MESSENGER RNA--mRNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is created using a DNA molecule and thus will contain:
Messenger RNA’s function is to take the protein code from DNA
DNA’S protein codes or “messages” for the ribosomes.
out of the nucleus to a ribosome so it can make the appropriate proteins.

21. Every group of three bases on mRNA is called a
codon which is a code for one amino acid.
codon

22. RIBOSOMAL RNA—rRNA large ribosomal
G A C G
Ribosomal RNA or rRNA is located inside a ribosome.
Its function is to:
large ribosomal
subunit
Read the code in mRNA and tell tRNA to go get
amino acids that are floating in the
cytoplasm.
rRNA
Ribosome
Small ribosomal
subunit

23. TRANSFER RNA--tRNA
Transfer RNA is a cloverleaf shaped molecule that is free floating in the cytoplasm. Its function is to:
The three bases on tRNA are called an ________________
Amino acid
G C C
pick up amino acids in the
cytoplasm and bring them to
mRNA to make the appropriate
protein.
anticodon
anticodon

25. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CENTRAL DOGMA (MAIN IDEA)
The central dogma of protein synthesis is that DNA’s code goes from DNA to mRNA to a protein.
This means that DNA will give its code to mRNA, then the mRNA, ___________________________________ are used to actually put the protein together. This process of protein synthesis includes three steps, _______________________________________________________
with the help tRNA and rRNA
transcription, mRNA splicing and translation

28. WATCH THE ANIMATIONS….
Red part is the mRNA

29. Red part
is the
mRNA

30. Red part is the mRNA

33. WATCH THE ANIMATION….
ONE
MORE
TIME!

34. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
STEP 2:
mRNA SPLICING

35. B. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: mRNA SPLICING
Remember, DNA has sections called INTRONS that do not code for any proteins. Since mRNA is created on DNA, it will also have introns. It would be a waste of the cell’s energy to send an mRNA molecule, full of non-coding sections, through translation which creates proteins. Before mRNA moves through the nuclear membrane:
the mRNA transcript goes through a process called
mRNA splicing: introns are cut out with enzymes
called ribozymes.
WATCH THE ANIMATIONS ON NEXT SLIDE…..

36. WATCH THE ANIMATIONS BELOW….

37. READING THE
mRNA CODE

38. C. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS--READING mRNA’S CODE
AUGCCUACUGAGUAA
mRNA
Each group of three bases, called a codon, codes for one of the 20 amino acids. The mRNA can be read using a codon chart. Most proteins start with the initiator, or START codon:
while proteins end with one of the:
AUG for the amino acid methionine.
stop codons—UAA, UAG, or UGA.

39. This is what a codon chart looks like.
CODON CHART (mRNA)

40. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
STEP 3:
TRANSLATION

41. WATCH THE ANIMATION BELOW….

43. CYTOPLASM
TRANSLATION A U G C
A U G C U A U C A C A C G G A U A A
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I E P
CGUA
G a u
A G U
C C C
A U U
G u g
C c u
uac
AMINO ACID
tRNA
MET
GLY
SER
LEU
HIS
PRO
ANTICODON
PEPTIDASE
E, P AND A SITES
LRS
NUCLEUS
STOP
CODON
rRNA
SRS
CODON
mRNA

44. uac A G U C C C A U U C c u G a u G u g U A C G A U A G U G U G C C U
TRANSLATION
MET
uac
HIS
LEU
GLY
A G U
C C C
A U U
C c u
SER
G a u
G u g
PRO
PEPTIDASE
PEPTIDE BOND
PROTEIN A U G C
U A C
MET
G A U
● LEU
● SER
A G U
G U G
● HIS
● GLY
C C U
A U U
RELEASE
FACTOR E P A
A U G C U A U C A C A C G G A U A A
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
CGUA
STOP CODON

45. uac A G U A U U C c u G a u G u g C C C U A C G A U A G U G U G C C U
MET
TRANSLATION ELONGATION
uac
HIS
LEU
GLY
A G U
A U U
C c u
SER
G a u
G u g
C C C
PRO
PEPTIDASE
PEPTIDE BOND
PROTEIN A U G C
U A C
MET
G A U
● LEU
● SER
A G U
G U G
● HIS
● GLY
C C U
A U U
RELEASE
FACTOR E P A
CGUA
A U G C U A U C A C A C G G A U A A
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
STOP CODON