1. Central Dogma

2. Central dogma of molecular biology
The Central Dogma: the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to Protein

4. Products of Transcription:
mRNA, tRNA, & rRNA
All products move out of the nucleus and go into the cytoplasm to be used in protein synthesis
DNA  RNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

5. Protein Synthesis: The making of proteins at the ribosome
The amount and kind of proteins produced in a cell determine its structure & function
Proteins carry out the genetic instruction in DNA

6. Protein Review: Monomer = amino acids Linked together by peptide bonds
20 different types
Linked together by peptide bonds
Sequence of amino acids determines the proteins structure and function

7. The Genetic Code:
The correlation between nucleotide sequence (DNA or RNA) and amino acid sequence (protein)
Codons: combination of 3 mRNA nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid

8. Types of codons: 64 codons code for 20 amino acids
Thus more than one codon codes for an AA
Start codon: (AUG) starts the process of translation
Stop codons: (UAA, UAG, UGA) ends the process of translation

9. Circular Genetic Code

10. Translation:
The process of assembling polypeptides (proteins) from nucleotide sequence in mRNA
“Translating” from one language (nucleotides) into another language (amino acids)

11. Steps of Translation
During translation, amino acids are assembled from information encoded in mRNA
As mRNA codons move through the ribosome, tRNA’s add specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
The process continues until a stop codon is reached and the newly made protein is released.

12. Gene Regulation and Lac Operon