Bellringer: 29 February and 1 March Pick up the papers by the door. Make the following ToC updates: Write down your HW: Read 274-278 in your class textbook Review the differences/similarities between Roman Catholicism and Greek Orthodoxy

Agenda: 29 February and 1 March Objectives: Explain the basics and significance of the Byzantine Empire (specifically geography, religion, accomplishments, politics, economy, and social structure). Describe the fall of the Byzantine Empire and compare it to the fall of the Roman Empire. 1. Quiz Replacement Math 2. Notes: Byzantine Empire 3. Activities: Justinian Resume Justinian Code Scenarios

Warm-Up: Match the phrase in the red boxes to the phrases in the blue boxes they best match up with. First in 330 CE, Constantine decided to… The Byzantine Empire rose to power. Then, power in the empire was… Move the capital to the east. In 410 CE… Odacer attacked Rome and the Western Roman Empire fell. In 476 CE… Divided. Rome was sacked by Alaric I. Finally, in the east…

The Byzantine Empire, or Byzantium, was formerly a part of the Roman Empire. As the Empire in the west fell due to moral decay, invasions from barbaric tribes, and political turmoil the east actually prospered.

Significance: Why was Byzantium important? Empire ruled the east from 300 C.E. to 1453 C.E. Constantinople = preserve classical culture. The empire was a center of trade, learning, and cultural diffusion. Constantinople is @ a crossroads

Geography

Geography Eastern Roman Empire becomes the Byzantine Empire Asia Minor, Balkan Peninsula, Egypt, Palestine Capital: Constantinople

Location is Everything Why Constantinople? Good port for trading Far from the Germanic Tribes Natural defenses

Maps! Black Sea 6 Caspian Sea Italy 2 10 Spain (Iberia) 1 Greece 3 Asia Minor 7 Canaan/ Judea 8 Mediterranean Sea 4 Egypt 5 Arabia 9

Checking for Understanding Why did the Eastern Roman Empire survive when the Western Roman Empire fell? What geographic factor was most important to the growth of the Byzantine Empire? The Eastern Roman Empire was closer to trade and further from the Germans. Asia Minor – crossroads for trade

Religion

Christianity! Religion A schism is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization or movement religious denomination In Roman Catholic Church canon law, an act of schism, like an act of apostasy or heresy, automatically brings the penalty of excommunication.[5] As stated in canon 1312 §1 1° of the Code of Canon Law, this penalty is intended to be medicinal, so as to lead to restoration of unity. Roman Catholic theology considers formal schismatics to be outside the Church, understanding by "formal schismatics" "persons who, knowing the true nature of the Church, have personally and deliberately committed the sin of schism".[6] The situation, for instance, of those who have been brought up from childhood within a group not in full communion with Rome, but who have orthodox faith, is different: these are considered to be imperfectly, though not fully, members of the Church.[6] This nuanced view applies especially to the Churches of Eastern Christianity, more particularly still to the Eastern Orthodox Church.[6]

Religion The Christian Church is present in both the West (Rome) and the East (Constantinople). Both have leading bishops. In West (Rome) there is a Pope In East (Constantinople) there is a patriarch. A schism is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization or movement religious denomination In Roman Catholic Church canon law, an act of schism, like an act of apostasy or heresy, automatically brings the penalty of excommunication.[5] As stated in canon 1312 §1 1° of the Code of Canon Law, this penalty is intended to be medicinal, so as to lead to restoration of unity. Roman Catholic theology considers formal schismatics to be outside the Church, understanding by "formal schismatics" "persons who, knowing the true nature of the Church, have personally and deliberately committed the sin of schism".[6] The situation, for instance, of those who have been brought up from childhood within a group not in full communion with Rome, but who have orthodox faith, is different: these are considered to be imperfectly, though not fully, members of the Church.[6] This nuanced view applies especially to the Churches of Eastern Christianity, more particularly still to the Eastern Orthodox Church.[6]

We will see a schism in the Christian church! Religion A small disagreement between the two churches over icons, led to larger disagreements and eventually a split …or a schism! We will see a schism in the Christian church! A schism is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization or movement religious denomination In Roman Catholic Church canon law, an act of schism, like an act of apostasy or heresy, automatically brings the penalty of excommunication.[5] As stated in canon 1312 §1 1° of the Code of Canon Law, this penalty is intended to be medicinal, so as to lead to restoration of unity. Roman Catholic theology considers formal schismatics to be outside the Church, understanding by "formal schismatics" "persons who, knowing the true nature of the Church, have personally and deliberately committed the sin of schism".[6] The situation, for instance, of those who have been brought up from childhood within a group not in full communion with Rome, but who have orthodox faith, is different: these are considered to be imperfectly, though not fully, members of the Church.[6] This nuanced view applies especially to the Churches of Eastern Christianity, more particularly still to the Eastern Orthodox Church.[6]

Religion video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ds-bFRvKbLI

Religion: Great Schism West (Rome) East (Byzantium/Constantinople) Pope View on Icons: okay Church service in Latin Priests can’t marry Patriarch View on Icons: not okay. Church Service in Greek. Priests can marry. A schism is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization or movement religious denomination In Roman Catholic Church canon law, an act of schism, like an act of apostasy or heresy, automatically brings the penalty of excommunication.[5] As stated in canon 1312 §1 1° of the Code of Canon Law, this penalty is intended to be medicinal, so as to lead to restoration of unity. Roman Catholic theology considers formal schismatics to be outside the Church, understanding by "formal schismatics" "persons who, knowing the true nature of the Church, have personally and deliberately committed the sin of schism".[6] The situation, for instance, of those who have been brought up from childhood within a group not in full communion with Rome, but who have orthodox faith, is different: these are considered to be imperfectly, though not fully, members of the Church.[6] This nuanced view applies especially to the Churches of Eastern Christianity, more particularly still to the Eastern Orthodox Church.[6] Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church

What is an icon? Icon = painting of Christ or another holy figure, used as an aid to devotion.

Branches within Christianity Early Christianity Western Church Catholicism (Roman Catholic Church) Protestantism Lutheran Baptist Episcopalian Catholicism Eastern Orthodox Anglican Great Schism (11th Century) Reformation (16th Century)

Checking for Understanding Compare the Churches in the East and in the West. What are the similarities, what are the differences? The Eastern Roman Empire was closer to trade and further from the Germans.

Achievements

Achievements Preserved Greco-Roman culture Art Mosaics Blended Greek, Roman, and Middle Eastern styles

What is a Mosaic? A picture or pattern produced by arranging together small colored pieces of hard material, such as stone, tile, or glass

Other Achievements Justinian Code Surviving for 1000 years Language: Greek (contrasts with Latin in the West) Adoption of Greek alphabet for the Slavic languages by St. Cyril (Cyrillic alphabet) Greco-Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries Greek language (as contrasted with Latin in the West) • Greek Orthodox Christianity • Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=70si9RQGa_M

Hagia Sophia A 6th century masterpiece built as a Christian church, converted to a mosque in 1453, and made into a museum in the middle of the 20th century.

Images of the Exterior

Images of the Interior

Hagia Sophia Vid https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KRPp3jzv1Tw

Checking for Understanding Compare the Byzantine achievements with the achievements of the Ancient Roman Empire. The Eastern Roman Empire was closer to trade and further from the Germans.

Political

Political Emperor: sole and absolute ruler with power from divine origin. Famous ruler: Justinian

Justinian (527 – 565) Restores the glory of Rome Rebuilds Constantinople Re-conquers Roman territory Reforms the empire Famous for the Codification of Roman Law which would lead to the development of the legal codes of Europe (and today) Re-conquered some of the old Roman territories: Included Carthage, the Italian Peninsula, and a small territory in Spain.

1. Rebuilding Constantinople Justinian: repairs/builds defensive walls and fortifications

1. Rebuilding Constantinople Justinian: modernizes the city Mese (“Middle Way”) Hospitals Schools Palaces Aqueducts Law courts Public baths Hippodrome (free chariot races!)

3. Rebuilding Constantinople Justinian: builds churches, including the Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom)

2. Re-conquers Roman territory Goal = re-conquer lost Roman territory. Goal was to reconquer what was lost.

3. Reforms the empire Declares emperor controls the church Reforms and strengthens the bureaucracy and tax collection Justinian Code Reviews, revises, edits, and codifies 5,000 Roman laws Became the basis for western legal codes for centuries to come!

Checking for Understanding What are the 3 R’s for Justinian? The Eastern Roman Empire was closer to trade and further from the Germans.

Economy

Economy Center of trade Trade Routes between Black Sea and Baltic Sea Mese – “Middle Way” (main road through Constantinople) Trade-based economy, economy centered around providing for Constantinople (and trade)

Social

Social Women had more rights and freedom than in Rome or Greece (thanks to Empress Theodora) Schools Hippodrome (free chariot races!)

Bye Bye, Byzantium

Decline of Byzantium…looks similar to the Romans Empire goes into debt, becomes bankrupt Too large to control (same as Rome) Split of the Christian Church hurts the Byzantines External threats lurk Turks and Mongols (again?!) invade from the East throughout the 13th and 14th centuries Finally, the Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople in 1453 Split of the Christian Church hurts the Byzantines Fewer friends in the West if they need to call for help No hope of reuniting Roman lands Crusaders hurt Constantinople Enemies: In the West Many Germanic tribes, Slavs, and others attack parts of the Byzantine Empire East: In the East Persians and then Islamic empire attack Constantinople in 626, 674, 717

AD 550

AD 1050

AD 1350

Constantinople falls: 1453 Know This Date!

Justinian Code Activity Read the scenario. Read the code. Answer the questions 4 minutes!