1. Byzantine Empire Location of Constantinople -In Asia Minor
-Protected from the eastern frontier
-Distant from Germanic invasions in western empire
-Considered as the crossroads of trade
-Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordering natural habors

2. Why was Constantinople such a powerful city in the Byzantine empire?
- it was fortified from invasion and a crossroads of trade
Describe how Slavic Russia and the Byzantine Empire were connected.
- connected through the Dnieper and Volga rivers that flow into the Black Sea

4. Byzantine Empire Role of Constantinople Byzantine Emperor Justinian
Seat of Byzantine Empire until Ottoman conquest
Preserved classical Greco-Roman culture
Center of trade
Byzantine Emperor Justinian
Justinian Code – codification of Roman law (impact) on European legal codes
Reconquest of former Roman territories
Expansion of trade

5. Byzantine Empire Byzantine achievements in art and architecture
Inspiration provided by Christian religion and imperial power
Icons – religious images
Mosaics – small pieces of an object put together to make a larger picture; used in public and religious structures
Hagia Sophia – Byzantine domed church, built by Justinian

6. Describe the most striking feature of Byzantine architecture.
- the Hagia Sophia – church – an architectural and engineering wonder – huge dome on top

7. Byzantine Empire
27. Describe Byzantine culture. Like the Romans, who did they borrow ideas from?
Continued flourishing of Greco-Roman traditions
Greek language (as contrasted with Latin in the West)
Greek Orthodox Christianity
Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries
Borrowed from Mediterrenean cultures

8. Differences in the Eastern and Western Churches
Western Church (Roman Catholic Church):
Centered in Rome
Farther from seat of power after Constantinople became capital
Use of Latin language in liturgy (church service)
Eastern Church (Greek Orthodox):
Centered in Constantinople
Close to seat of power after Constantinople became capital
Use of Greek language in the liturgy (church service)

9. Describe the religious controversy that split the Roman Catholic church and the Byzantine Empire around 700 A.D.
- Debates over whether clergy should marry, if it is okay to worship icons, and question of whether pope is supreme authority

10. Byzantine Empire Division between Western and Eastern Churches
Authority of the Pope eventually accepted in the West
Authority of the Patriarch (church father) accepted in the East
Practices such as celibacy eventually accepted in the West

11. Byzantine Empire
Influence of Byzantine culture on Eastern Europe and Russia
Trade routes between Black Sea and Baltic Sea
Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia and much of Eastern Europe
Adoption of Greek alphabet to the Slavic languages by St. Cyril (Cyrillic alphabet)
Church architecture and religious art

12. Why was Moscow referred to as the “Third Rome
Why was Moscow referred to as the “Third Rome.” Where was the 1st and 2nd Rome? - when Constantinople fell, Moscow was the new big city – it was also the only seat of the Eastern orthodox church left - The 1st Rome was Rome, the 2nd Rome was Constantinople

13. Division between Western and Eastern Churches The Eastern and Western churches had major disagreements, including arguments over clergy, icons, leadership and the trinity.
Roman Catholic (west)
Greek Orthodox (east)
Celibacy
______ married priests
Married priests allowed
Icons
Accepted
Rejected, then later accepted
Leader-ship
____________
Rejected leadership of pope
Trinity
Holy spirit, father and son
Supremacy of father over other two NO
Pope

14. Map of the Byzantine Empire