A Quest for the Holy Land THE CRUSADES A Quest for the Holy Land

Moors & the Tours: 732 AD Battle of Tours

Crusades A long series or Wars between Christians and Muslims They fought over control of Jerusalem which was called the Holy Land because it was the region where Jesus had lived, preached and died

The Call to Arms Pope Urban II called for the defeat of the Turks, returning the Holy Land to the Christians 1095 AD

Who Answered the Call? Feudal Lords Knights Peasants

The First Crusade (1096-1099) Peasant army Knights Untrained Lacked military equipment Many killed by Muslim Turks Knights Succeeded in capturing Jerusalem

Second Crusade (1147-1149) After victory many Christians went back home. The Turks eventually took back much of the territory. King of France and Emperor of Germany sent troops to stop the Turks.

Second Crusade (1147-1149) Saladin leads the Muslim Turks to victory, defeating the Christians * He was considered a very wise ruler. He was known for his sometimes kind treatment of fallen enemies. Many Christians saw him as a model of knightly chivalry.

Third Crusade (1189-1192) King Richard of England convinces the Turks to allow Christians to visit the Holy Land

Crusades Continue Through 1200’s Several more crusades attempted with no victories for the Christians Children’s crusade, - 30,000 soldiers - many of them under 12 years old – Never made it to the Holy Land

Turn to your partner and discuss: Critical Thinking Turn to your partner and discuss: What was the perspective of the European Christians? Why did they fight in the crusades? What was the perspective of the Arab Muslims? Why did they fight in the crusades?

Results of the Crusades Improvements in geography and transportations. Ships, Maps, Explorers Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or spend too much money on military. Europeans want to travel more Trade. Europeans want product from the East such as sugar, cotton, silk, spices, etc.

The Black Death: Bubonic Plague The Black Plague started out in China in the 1330’s. Originally it only affected rodents, however it quickly spread to humans. Caused painful swelling of the Buboes and caused spots on the skin that turned black.

The Black Death Three Forms: The Bubonic, Pneumonic, and Septicemic. Each killed people in different ways. Bubonic Plague: Mortality Rate: 30-75%. Symptoms: Enlarged or inflamed lymph nodes (Arm Pit, Neck and Groin).

The Pneumonic Plague was the second most commonly seen form of the Black Death. Mortality Rate: 90-95% (Today if Treated 5-10%) It infected the lungs, and the symptoms included slimy snot tinted with blood! Many times victims choked on their own Blood (ew…).

Septicemic Plague Most Rare form of all! Mortality rate was close to 100%(Even today there is no treatment) Symptoms: High Fever and skin turning deep shades of purple! Victims usually died the same day the symptoms appeared.

In October of 1347, several Italian merchant ships returned from the Black Sea. Docked in Sicily, many sailors were already dying of the plague. Within days the disease spread to the city. That was the beginning of the end!

An account of the devestation: (no need to copy) Realizing what a deadly disaster had come to them, the people quickly drove the Italians from their city. But the disease remained, and soon death was everywhere. Fathers abandoned their sick sons. Lawyers refused to come and make out wills for the dying. Friars and nuns were left to care for the sick, monastaries and converts were soon deserted, as they were stricken, too. Bodies were left in empty houses, and there was no one to give them a Christian burial.

How Did It Affect So Many People?

The Italian writer Boccaccio said its victims often: “Ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors in paradise.” In winter the disease seemed to disappear, but only because fleas are dormant then. After Five years 25 million people were dead- One Third of Europe’s people!

Early Theories Some blamed invisible particles in the air. Some blamed poisoned wells. Many inevitably and unfairly blamed the Jews.

Will It Ever End? Bands of hooded men, wearing white robes marked front and back with a red cross, moved to and fro across Europe. They were attempting to atone for the ravages of the Black Death by whipping themselves in ritual public ceremonies. They are known as the Flagellant Brahren!

The Flagellant Brahren 50 to 500 men in a group singing hymns and sobbing, the men beat themselves with scourges studded with iron spikes. Blood gushes from their many wounds, and the spikes embed themselves in the torn flesh. The ritual was performed in public twice a day!

The Oriental Rat Flea Flea’s Mouth has two functions: one for squirting saliva or partly digested blood into the bite, and one for sucking up blood from the host. This poses a problem!

How Is it Transmitted?