1. Chapter 9: Section 5 A Time of Crisis

2. The Black Death 1347: Fleet from Genoa, Italy left Caffa (Black Sea) & traveled to Messina, Sicily Sailors died on the voyage; townspeople in Messina (soon all of Italy) died in large #s 1348: Black Death/Bubonic Plague spread from Messina, Sicily to Spain and France…soon all of Western Europe 1 in 3 died from the epidemic

3. Causes of the Plague Originated in Mongolia ---- China (35 million died in early 1300s) ---- India ---- Middle East (7,000 died a day) ---- W. Europe (25 million died between 1347- 1352) Rats infested ships, towns and homes. Fleas on rats also infested clothing, luggage sacks of traders along the Silk Road

4. Social Upheaval/Decay Brought terror & bewilderment to Europe Seen as punishment from God No cure found People turned to witchcraft and magic Flagellants whipped themselves to repent Some engaged in orgies, drank to excess, etc. Others blamed Jews for poisoning wells --- led to massacres

5. Economic Effects Both workers and employers died Production decreased --- prices increased (inflation) Surviving workers wanted higher wages Farmers turned cropland into sheep pastures --- required less labor Farmhands looked for work in towns where guild membership was limited --- led to unrest

6. The Oriental Rat Flea! Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Siphonaptera Family: Pulicidae Genus: Xenopsylla Species: cheopis

8. Path of the Plague

9. Types of Bubonic Plague The Black Death came in three forms, the bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. All forms were caused by a bacterium called Yersinia pestis.

10. Bubonic Plague most common form of the Black Death. mortality rate = 30-75%. symptoms: enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes (around arm pits, neck and groin) 'bubonic' refers to the characteristic bubo or enlarged lymphatic gland. Victims were subject to headaches, nausea, aching joints, fever of 101-105 degrees, vomiting, and a general feeling of illness.

11. Pneumonic Plague second most common form of the Black Death. mortality rate = 90-95% (if treated today the mortality rate would be 5-10%) infected the lungs. Symptoms: slimy sputum tinted with blood (Sputum is saliva mixed with mucus exerted from the respiratory system.) As the disease progressed, the sputum became free flowing and bright red.

12. Septicemic Plague most rare form of all Mortality = 100% (even today there is no treatment) Symptoms: high fever and skin turning deep shades of purple/almost black --- where the Black Death gets its name! Victims usually died the same day symptoms appeared. In some cities, as many as 800 people died every day.

14. Medical Workers The nose of the sinister costume was supposed to act as a filter, being filled with materials imbued with perfumes and alleged disinfectants.

15. Pieter Bruegel: The Triumph of Death

16. Hans Holbein: The Dance of Death

17. 4 Major Plagues The Plague of Justinian (6th Century A.D.), the Black Death (14th Century A.D.), and the Bubonic Plague (1665-1666, which coincided with the Great Fire of London) caused an estimated 137 million dead in a world much more sparsely populated than it is today. The third pandemic began in Canton and Hong Kong in 1894 vessels in merchant fleets. Within 10 years (1894-1903) plague entered 77 ports on five continents. In India, there were over 6 million deaths from 1898 to 1908 (3).