Growth of Nationalism Trouble brewing in Europe! 1870-1914 How do we see INSTABILITY growing in EUROPE relating to NATIONALISM?
Germany Germany unified in 1870 Otto Von Bismarck: realpolitik Right of a nation-state to pursue its own advantage by ANY means, including war and breaking treaties!
Otto Von Bismarck Focused on INDUSTRY and MILITARY (“blood and iron”) Cities grew rapidly, middle class grew but so did lower class. Crushed socialist movements!
German Unification
Italian Unification! Count Cavour Garibaldi Count Cavour, Guiseppe Garibaldi compete for powereventually merge to form a UNITED Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II Count Cavour Garibaldi
Problems in the new Italy? Regional divisions: North (urban, wealthy) and South (rural, poor) Church did NOT approve of unification! Anarchists cause trouble Lack of industry/economic opportunity prior to 1900…many EMIGRATED
Russian Czars: Exploiting the People Russia has a long history of serfs being mistreated. Autocracy: government where one person rules with UNLIMITED authority
Alexander II and Reform March 3, 1861: emancipates all serfs! But peasants still got worst land and heavy taxes! Moved to cities, tried to industrialize
Alexander II’s Reforms Vote weighted, so noblemen and rich still dominated gov’t He also eased restrictions on press, modernized judicial system, and expanded educational system, reorganized army! Reforms satisfied few Russians and he was ASSASSINATED!
Alexander III Fed up with revolutionaries! Rolled back freedoms his father gave “Russification:” targeted Jews, anyone questioning czar’s authority, or anyone not speaking Russian
Pogroms Organized massacre of a minority group! Russian Jews targeted, arrested, and killed Many forced to emigrate!
Revolution of 1905 Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra took over in 1894 Revolutionary feelings swept across Russia! Working class was large by this timemad about living/working conditions!
Bloody Sunday January 22, 1905: 200,000 workers peacefully assembled in St. Petersburg to petition for reform Czar Nick II ordered guards to open fire! Hundreds killed!
So this time, Nick II wins… But not for long! Soviets (workers councils) formed Duma (legislature) formed Czar did not want to listen to either one People STILL mad!
Austria-Hungary: the Powder Keg! Revolution of 1848 failed in France and A-H. Francis Joseph became emperor, crushed revolutionaries Tried to hold together a LARGE and DIVERSE empire
Dual Monarchy Francis Joseph ruled both Austria and Hungary (2 countries, one monarch) Independent politically, but economically depended upon each other
So What’s the Problem? 3/5 of people in Austria-Hungary are NOT Austrian or Hungarian!!!! Nationalism—they will want their own country!
Ethnic Map of A-H, 1910
By 1914? RIVALRIES and NATIONALISM FRUSTRATION with LEADERS SITUATION READY TO EXPLODE!