1. Growth of Nationalism Trouble brewing in Europe! 1870- 1914

2. Germany Germany unified in 1870 Otto Von Bismarck: realpolitik – Right of a nation-state to pursue its own advantage by ANY means, including war and breaking treaties!!! – Declares war on Denmark, Seven Weeks’ War, and the Franco-Prussian War

3. Otto Von Bismarck Constantly supported Protestants in Germany Deep pit coal mining, cities grew rapidly, middle class grew but so did lower class. Crushed socialist movements!

4. Militarism grows! Focuses on building army and Industry! No parliamentary democracy forms William II takes over in 1888

5. German Unification

6. Italian Unification! Mazzini’s “Young Italy,” 1849 (crushed like most other rebellions at that time) Major leaders in the drive for independence? Count Cavour, Guiseppe Garibaldi compete for power  eventually merge to form a UNITED Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II

7. Problems in the new Italy? Regional divisions: North (urban, wealthy) and South (rural, poor) Church did NOT approve of unification! Anarchists cause trouble Lack of industry/economic opportunity prior to 1900…many EMIGRATED

9. A family of Italian immigrants in the U.S., circa 1931 (Mrs. Ziemnik’s grandfather is the little boy in the center!)

10. Russian Czars: Exploiting the People Russia has a long history of serfs being mistreated. Autocracy: government where one person rules with UNLIMITED authority

11. Alexander II and Reform March 3, 1861: emancipates all serfs! But peasants still got worst land and heavy taxes!  Moved to cities, tried to industrialize Zemstvos (local governments) took charge of schools/health care

12. Alexander II’s Reforms Vote weighted, so noblemen and rich still dominated gov’t He also eased restrictions on press, modernized judicial system, and expanded educational system, reorganized army! Reforms satisfied few Russians!

13. Alexander III Fed up with revolutionaries! Rolled back freedoms his father gave “Russification:” targeted Jews, anyone questioning czar’s authority, or anyone not speaking Russian

14. Pogroms Organized massacre of a minority group! Herzl Yankl Tsam, the only Jewish officer in the 19th century. Drafted into the army as a 17-year-old Cantonist, he was made a captain only after 41 years of service. In spite of pressures, he never converted to Christianity.

15. Pograms forced many to leave The pogroms of the 1880s generated a wave of Jewish migration that continued for decades. These refugees, photographed in the port of Liverpool in May 1882, were among the first of the estimated 2 million Jews who left Russia between 1881 and 1914, mostly for the United States.

16. Pogroms The opening of a temporary chapel on the Ekaterinski Canal, on the spot where Alexander II was killed. Rumors that "the Jews" were behind the assassination prompted a wave of pogroms.

17. Revolution of 1905 Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra took over in 1894 Revolutionary feelings swept across Russia! Working class was large by this time  mad about living/working conditions!

18. War between Russia and Japan 1904 Russia humiliated by military People blamed czar, also for food shortages Spontaneous strikes break out!

19. Bloody Sunday January 22, 1905: 200,000 workers peacefully assembled in St. Petersburg to petition for reform Czar Nick II ordered guards to open fire! Hundreds killed!

20. So this time, Nick II wins… But not for long! Soviets (workers councils) formed Duma (legislature) formed Czar did not want to listen to either one People STILL mad!

21. Austria-Hungary: the Powder Keg! Revolution of 1848 failed in France and A-H. Francis Joseph became emperor, crushed revolutionaries Tried to hold together a LARGE and DIVERSE empire

22. Dual Monarchy Francis Joseph ruled both Austria and Hungary (2 countries, one monarch) Independent politically, but economically depended upon each other

23. So What’s the Problem? 3/5 of people in Austria-Hungary are NOT Austrian or Hungarian!!!! Nationalism—they will want their own country!

24. Ethnic Map of A-H, 1910

25. Powder Keg in the Balkans Ottoman Empire losing territory by mid-1800s Austria hoped to “grab up” this land, France and Great Britain worried! 1875 nationalists in Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania rose up in revolt against Turkey! – Turks brutally put down rebellion with massacres!

26. Congress of Berlin Jingoism: extreme patriotism and desire for war June 1878: Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania got independence Austria-Hungary got Bosnia and Herzegovina BUT, now Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia declare war on Turkey in 1912!

27. Fighting amongst themselves! 1913 Treaty of Bucharest ends war. Bulgaria loses, Serbia is mad and threatens A-H, Russia wants to grab some land France, Britain, and Germany want to keep the balance of power somehow! WHAT A MESS!!!!! This area of Europe is VERY UNSTABLE in 1913!!!!! 