First Anatomy and Physiology test Monday Sept 13th!!! 1- systems and functions 2- science you should already know and why you need to know it

Overview of the Systems of the Body Circulatory system: blood circulations with heart and blood vessels

Digestive system: processing food with mouth, stomach and intestines

Endocrine system: communicating within the body using hormones

Immune system: defending against disease-causing agents

Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails

Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream

Muscular system: moving the body

Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain and nerves

Reproductive system: the sex organs

Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the lungs

Skeletal system: structural support and protection through bones

Excretory/urinary/renal system: the kidneys and associated structures involved in the production and excretion of urine

Science you should already know and why you need to review it. Four macromolecules: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Why are carbs important? Glucose is taken in by cells of the body and broken down to obtain it’s energy Too much glucose gets stored in liver Not enough glucose, liver releases it Diabetics need to regulate carb. Intake Low carbs diet craze – good or bad?

Why are proteins important? Main component of muscles (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) Enzymes are proteins (ex lactase) Proteins in nerve cells allow for nervous impulse to transmit

Why are lipids important? Main component of all cell membranes Many vitamins are fat soluble Cushioning and protection Too much or too little causes health problems

Why are nucleic acids important? DNA is the nucleic acid that dictates all of you traits Genetic disorders are due to problems with DNA sequences RNA helps to build proteins for the body

Enzymes work by? Lowering activation energy to break down or put together molecules Why Important? Almost all chemical processes in the body are driven by enzymes. If enzyme is not working = illness Ex. lactose intolerance

ATP is important because? It is the key energy molecule that cells use for driving chemical reactions Glucose is converted into many ATPs ATP does work for all cells Ex. ATP is needed everytime a muscle contracts or a nerve cell fires

We eat and breathe because? We eat mainly to obtain glucose so we can eventually energy for our cells (ATP) We breathe because oxygen is needed to fully break down glucose into ATPs Food and oxygen is required for the process of cellular respiration

Chemical equation for eating and breathing Chemical equation for cellular respiration is 6C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy(ATP) Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

Mitosis is important because? When cells are damaged or destroyed mitosis is the process that replaces the cells with new ones that are identical to the old ones When an organism grows, mitosis is the process that makes new cells

Draw and label a typical animal cell below

An ion is? Cation = positively charged ion due to a loss of electrons Ex. Ca+ needed for a muscle to contract, Na+ and K+ needed for a nerve impulse Anion = negatively charged ion due to gain of electrons Ex. HCO3 – maintains blood pH

An isomer is? Molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently. Ex glucose and fructose are both C6H12O6 but they are different – your cells use glucose directly but must convert fructose to use it

Difference between structural and molecular formula is? Structural formula is a graphical picture of how a molecule is arranged Molecular formula is an expression of the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule Glucose and fructose again as examples

Ionic bonds are? An ionic bond is an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms Na+ and Cl- attract to become NaCl or salt Important because these chemicals disassociate easily in water and can then be used to form ion gradients

Covalent bonds are? Bonds formed between elements due to sharing of electrons Very strong bonds Important because Carbon chains are covalent, cellular structures and macromolecules are carbon based molecules When a covalent bond is broken – lots of energy is released that can be used by the cells of the body (ex glucose broken down)

Polar and non-polar molecules differ because? Polar molecules – “like” water, they dissolve in water (ex salts, water soluble vitamins, ions) Non-polar – “fear” water and don’t dissolve in water (ex, lipids, hydrocarbon chains) Why important? Basis for cells even existing, cell membrane is formed using polar and non-polar molecules

Valence electrons are important because? The electrons in the outermost shell of atoms determine type of bonds to be formed Also these electrons have potential energy for our cells to use When hydrogen loses it’s one valence electron it becomes nothing more than a proton = H+ Proton “pumps” keep cells working

Carbon is especially important to life because? Living organisms are carbon-based life forms. The molecules that make up our cells (carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) are ALL made out of carbon chains