1. Atoms, Molecules, Ions, Acids, Bases, Buffers, pH
Chemistry Basics
Atoms, Molecules, Ions, Acids, Bases, Buffers, pH

2. General Chemistry Terms
See pgs
Chemistry:
Science that deals with structure of matter
Refers to the physiology side of this class
Matter: 3 types (solid, liquid and gas)

3. Atoms Atom: Smallest stable unit of matter Three subatomic particles:
Protons:
Neutrons:
Electrons:

4. Atoms (continued)
Can you calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons for ANY element on the periodic table?
REMEMBER:
Protons = Atomic #
Electrons = # of protons
Neutrons = Atomic Mass # minus Atomic #
If protons are not equal to electrons the atom is now known as an ion
Cation = (+) and Anion = (-)

5. Periodic Table

6. Principle Elements in the Human Body

7. Chemical Bonds Remember how to bond various atoms with other atoms????
The bonding capability is based on the Group Number found at the top of each of the columns on the periodic table
REVIEW the charges associated with each group. Remember that the 8th group is the most STABLE

8. Chemical Bonds (continued)
Three types of chemical bonds:
Ionic bonds: between ions
Covalent bonds: shared electrons
Hydrogen bonds: between two molecules

9. Inorganic Compounds
Nutrients: essential elements and molecules normally obtained through diet
Metabolites: all molecules that can be processed and broken down by chemical reactions in our bodies
Organic compounds:
C and H form basis
Inorganic compounds:
Usually do NOT contain C and H atoms as primary structure
Most important in body:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Oxygen (O2)
Water (H2O)
Inorganic acids, bases and salts

10. Inorganic Compounds (continued)
Water accounts for most of your body weight.
Proteins, the key structural and functional components of cells, and nucleic acids, which control cell structure and function, work only in solution with the UNIVERSAL Solvent known as Dihydrogen oxide (water).

11. Acid/Base Terminology and the pH (parts per Hydrogen) Scale
Hydrogen ions (H+) = “Chemical Bad Boy”
Highly reactive
Break chemical bonds
Change shape of complex molecules
Disrupt cell and tissue functions
Must be regulated precisely
pH: concentration of H+ ions in body fluids
pH Scale: 0-14
Neutral: solution with pH of 7
Acidic: solution with pH below 7
Basic: solution with pH above 7
pH of pure water = 7
pH of blood =

12. Blood pH
pH of blood =
QUICK QUIZ: So is blood neutral, acidic or basic?
Basic or otherwise known as ALKALINE!
Large changes in pH of blood can be damaging to cells, tissues and functioning
Acidosis: low blood pH (below 7.35)
Below 7 = coma
Alkalosis: high blood pH (above 7.45)
Above 7.8 = uncontrollable, sustained skeletal muscle contractions

13. Acids, Bases and Buffers…oh my!
Acid: “proton donor”
Solute that releases H+ ions in solution
Lowers pH of solution
Example: HCl – hydrochloric acid; in stomach to break down food
Base: “proton acceptor”
Solute that removes H+ ions from solution
Example: NaOH – sodium hydroxide; Drano, lye
Buffer:
Compounds that stabilize pH of a solution by removing or replacing H+ ions
Weak acids and bases
Help maintain pH of body fluids within normal limits
Example: Antacid (Alka-Seltzer) – NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate, baking soda)

14. BIOCHEMISTRY
Living things are mainly composed of four kinds of MACROMOLECULES: Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates and Lipids.

15. PROTEINS
Structurally helps build certain areas of the body that need extra toughness or strength such as Keratin in nails and hair or cartilage.
Chemical messengers to keep the brain in contact with the rest of the body.

16. NUCLEIC ACIDS Stores information and considered the body’s blueprint.
Comes in two varieties, DNA or RNA

17. Carbohydrates Simple carbs are known as monosaccharides or sugars
Provide energy storage
Simple carbs are known as monosaccharides or sugars
Complex carbs are known as polysaccharides or starches
Composed of Carbon and Water.

18. LIPIDS Long term storage otherwise known as fat
Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
Saturated fat= has single carbon bonding
Unsaturated fat=
has double bonded
carbons

19. THE END