The Scientific Revolution How did science begin to change the way people thought? Copernicus Galileo Newton

I. Copernicus: Heliocentric Theory A. Prior to 1500s true or false was determined by referring to an ancient thinker or the Bible B. Scientific Revolution refers to a period in history in which people changed their thinking about truth & the natural world C. First challenge was to Aristotle’s & Ptolemy’s Earth-centered “Geocentric theory” D. 1543: Copernicus publishes “Heliocentric theory”, a sun-centered universe Earth Centered Universe Sun Centered Universe

I recant Galileo on trial II. Kepler & Galileo A. 1601: Johannes Kepler (math) agreed with Copernicus, but said the orbits were oval shaped Elliptical orbits! B. 1610: Italian scientist Galileo writes Starry Messenger 1. Galileo’s book challenged Aristotle’s idea that moon & the stars were perfect 2. Catholic Church warns Galileo not to publish the book, he does! I recant C. Pope put Galileo on trial D. Under the threat of torture, Galileo recants Galileo on trial

III. Revolution Continues A. Bacon & Decartes help develop the scientific method, allowing scientists to prove their ideas: 1) After observation a hypothesis is formed, 2) Further obs. & testing creates a theory, and 3) eventually it can become a law B. 1600s: English scientist Sir Isaac Newton studies motion & physics and develops Law of Gravity C. Better tools & instruments are created to make precise observations D. Advancements in medicine & anatomy help people live longer E. Robert Boyle’s work in chemistry challenges long-held beliefs