1. The Scientific Revolution
How did science begin to change the way people thought?
Copernicus
Galileo
Newton

2. I. Copernicus: Heliocentric Theory
A. Prior to 1500s true or false was determined by referring to an ancient thinker or the Bible
B. Scientific Revolution refers to a period in history in which people changed their thinking about truth & the natural world
C. First challenge was to Aristotle’s & Ptolemy’s Earth-centered “Geocentric theory”
D. 1543: Copernicus publishes “Heliocentric theory”, a sun-centered universe
Earth Centered Universe
Sun Centered Universe

3. I recant Galileo on trial II. Kepler & Galileo
A. 1601: Johannes Kepler (math) agreed with Copernicus, but said the orbits were oval shaped
Elliptical orbits!
B. 1610: Italian scientist Galileo writes Starry Messenger
1. Galileo’s book challenged Aristotle’s idea that moon & the stars were perfect
2. Catholic Church warns Galileo not to publish the book, he does!
I recant
C. Pope put Galileo on trial
D. Under the threat of torture, Galileo recants
Galileo on trial

4. III. Revolution Continues
A. Bacon & Decartes help develop the scientific method, allowing scientists to prove their ideas:
1) After observation a hypothesis is formed, 2) Further obs. & testing creates a theory, and 3) eventually it can become a law
B s: English scientist Sir Isaac Newton studies motion & physics and develops Law of Gravity
C. Better tools & instruments are created to make precise observations
D. Advancements in medicine & anatomy help people live longer
E. Robert Boyle’s work in chemistry challenges long-held beliefs