1. World History 8-28-2009

2. Scientific Revolution Geocentric Theory- The theory that the Earth is the center of the Universe

3. Scientific Revolution The Crusades led to increased trade with the rest of the world. Money from the trade gave people more leisure time The increase in leisure time allowed people to read, study and contemplate life. This led to the Renaissance The Renaissance and the Reformation led people to start challenging accepted beliefs. This meant that scientists started challenging accepted science

4. Scientific Revolution The Heliocentric Theory- Nicholas Copernicus came up with a theory that the Earth revolved around the Sun He didn’t publish his theory until 1543, a year before he died

5. Scientific Revolution Later Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler expanded on the theory of Copernicus They proved mathematically that the planets had elliptical orbits and not round ones

6. Scientific Revolution Galileo Galilei created a telescope from Dutch lenses and started studying the planets In 1610 he published a book called Starry Messenger which announced his observations He announced that Jupiter had four moons, and that the Earth’s moon had a rough surface He also made statements that supported the theories of Copernicus

7. Scientific Revolution Galileo’s findings upset both the Protestant and Catholic Churches In 1616 the Catholic Church warned Galileo not to defend the ideas of Copernicus He remained silent but continued to study

8. Scientific Revolution In 1632 he published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems The book showed again that Galileo supported the ideas of Copernicus The Pope ordered Galileo to Rome to stand trial in front of the Inquisition Under threat of torture he read aloud a statement saying that the ideas of Copernicus were false He lived under house arrest until he died in 1642

9. The Scientific Method The revolution in scientific thinking by Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo led to a new approach called The Scientific Method The Scientific Method is a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas

10. Bacon and Descartes Two other thinkers became significant in the Scientific Revolution Francis Bacon, an English writer who was passionate about science wrote that scientists in the middle ages had relied too heavily on the conclusions of Aristotle He said that scientists should do their own experiments and then draw conclusions This was called empericism or the Experimental Method

11. Bacon and Descartes Rene Descartes, in France developed analytical geometry which linked geometry and algebra This was used as a tool which scientists could use in their experiments Descartes also believed that we should doubt everything until we can prove it through reason He said he doubted everything except for his own existence “I think, therefore, I am”

12. Isaac Newton In the mid 1600’s Isaac Newton brought together the theories of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo and formed them into a single theory of motion 1687- The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy In this book Newton explained that all objects are equally affected by the same forces

13. Scientific Instruments 1590- Microscope Zacarias Janssen 1643- Barameter Evangelista Torricelli 1714- Thermometer Gabriel Fahrenheit –Anders Celsius (new scale)