Memory

Memory receives information (senses) organizes and alters as it stores it retrieves

Three Processes of Memory: Encoding - convert information to form usable in brain’s storage (PUT IT IN) Storage - holding onto information (KEEP IT IN) Retrieval - getting information in storage to form to be used (GET IT OUT)

Levels-of-processing model more "deeply processed” processed according to its meaning vs. basic characteristics remembered more efficiently and for longer! Bloom’s taxonomy!

Three-Stage Process of Memory Into sensory system Briefly registers (sensory memory) Selective attention filters into short-term memory Held while attention (rehearsal) continues If enough rehearsal (maintenance/elaboration), will enter/be stored (long-term memory)

Short-term memory (STM) working memory information held for brief periods while being used Selective attention

Short-Term Memory Chunking – bits of information combined into meaningful units (chunks) = more information can be held in STM e.g. language learning

Short-Term Memory Maintenance rehearsal - saying some information over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in STM STMs tend to be encoded in auditory form

Long-term memory (LTM) information placed to be kept more or less permanently Elaborative rehearsal - transferring information from STM into LTM making meaningful in some way Metacognition!

Types of LTM Procedural memory - skills, procedures, habits, conditioned responses not conscious, but affect conscious behavior Declarative memory – conscious and known (memory for facts)

more on procedural memory Skills people know how to do, implicit Also emotional associations, habits, simple conditioned reflexes may or may not be in conscious awareness IAT (implicit associations)

more on declarative memory All things people know, conscious/explicit Semantic memory - general knowledge Language, formal education Episodic memory - personal information not readily available to others daily activities, events

Cues to Help Remember Retrieval cue Encoding specificity - improved if related information (surroundings/physiological state) available also available when retrieved Final exam, studying

recall Serial position effect - beginning and end remembered more accurately Primacy effect - beginning Recency effect - end Job interviews, contests

Recognition False positive – error of recognition think recognize stimulus not actually in memory

Eyewitness Testimony Elizabeth Loftus study what people see and hear about event after the fact can easily affect accuracy of memories of that event Eye witness testimony not always reliable!

Alzheimer’s Disease Primary memory difficulty - anterograde amnesia (although retrograde amnesia can also occur) Drugs to slow or stop the progression of Alzheimer’s disease

Best ways to Prevent Alzheimer’s Disease Exercise!!! Maintain a healthy weight Stay engaged (intellectually AND socially) Learn new things Protect your head Meditate