1. Essentials of Understanding Psychology
9th Edition
By Robert Feldman
PowerPoints by Kimberly Foreman
Revised for 9th Ed by Cathleen Hunt
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2. Chapter 6: Memory
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3. MODULE 18: The Foundations of Memory
What is memory?
Are there different kinds of memory?
What are the biological bases of memory?
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4. MODULE 18: The Foundations of Memory
Process by which one encodes, stores, and retrieves information
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5. Three-System Memory Theory
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
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6. Sensory Memory Iconic Memory Echoic Memory
Reflects information from the visual system
Echoic Memory
Stores auditory information coming from the ears
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7. Short-Term Memory Memory store in which information first has meaning
Chunk
Meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory
Example:
PBSFOXCNNABCCBSMTVNBC
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8. Short-Term Memory The prior example in chunks:
PBS FOX CNN ABC CBS MTV NBC
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9. Short-Term Memory Rehearsal Elaborative rehearsal Mnemonics
Information is considered and organized in some fashion
Mnemonics
Organizational strategies
For example:
“ROY G BIV” (Colors of the spectrum)
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10. Short-Term Memory Working Memory
Set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information
Central executive processor
Visual store
Verbal store
Episodic buffer
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11. Long-Term Memory Distinguishing from short-term memory
Studies of people with certain types of brain damage
Serial position effect
Primacy effect
Recency effect
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12. Long-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Modules Declarative memory
Factual information
Semantic memory
General knowledge and facts
Episodic memory
Events
Procedural memory
Skills and habits
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13. Long-Term Memory Semantic Networks
Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information
Spreading activation
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14. Long-Term Memory The Neuroscience of Memory Engram Hippocampus
Amygdala
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15. Long-Term Memory Memory at the Level of Neurons Long-term potentiation
Shows that certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being learned
Consolidation
Memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory
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16. In Pursuit of a Memory Eraser
PKM-zeta
Inhibition of PKM-zeta stops a memory from being re-encoded in the brain after it was activated
Propranolol
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17. MODULE 19: Recalling Long-Term Memories
What causes difficulties and failures in remembering?
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18. Retrieval Cues Recall Recognition
Specific piece of information must be retrieved
Recognition
Occurs when one is presented with a stimulus and asked whether he has been exposed to it previously, or is asked to identify it from a list of alternatives
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19. Levels of Processing Levels-of-Processing Theory
Suggests that the amount of information processing that occurs when material is initially encountered is central in determining how much of the information is ultimately remembered
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20. Explicit and Implicit Memory
Explicit Memory
Intentional or conscious recollection of information
Implicit Memory
Memories of which people are not consciously aware, but which can affect subsequent performance and behavior
Priming
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21. Flashbulb Memories
Memories related to a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid they represent a virtual snapshot of the event
Source amnesia
Example:
September 11th, 2001
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22. Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past
Processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning one gives to events
Schemas
Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled
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23. Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past
Memory in the Courtroom: The Eyewitness on Trial
Mistaken identity
Specific wording of questions
Children witnesses
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24. Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past
Repressed and False Memories
Recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind responds by pushing them into the unconscious
Memories may be inaccurate or even wholly false
Controversy regarding their legitimacy
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25. Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past
Autobiographical Memory
Recollection of circumstances and episodes from our own lives
One tends to forget information about one’s past that is incompatible with the way in which he currently sees himself
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26. MODULE 20: Forgetting: When Memory Fails
Why do we forget information?
What are the major memory impairments?
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27. Why We Forget Failure of Encoding Decay
Did not pay attention to material
Decay
Loss of information through nonuse
Memory traces
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28. Why We Forget Interference Cue-Dependent Forgetting
Information in memory disrupts the recall of other information
Cue-Dependent Forgetting
Occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory
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29. Proactive and Retroactive Interference
Proactive Interference
Information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material
Retroactive Interference
Difficulty in the recall of information because of later exposure to different material
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30. Memory Dysfunctions: Afflictions of Forgetting
Alzheimer’s Disease
Amnesia
Retrograde
Anterograde
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Afflicts long-term alcoholics
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31. Improving Memory Effective strategies The keyword technique
Organization cues
Take effective notes
Practice and rehearse
Do not believe claims about drugs that improve memory
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