Agenda To Get: To Do:

Opener Explain the Visual Cliff Experiment

Social Development Ways in which infants / children learn to relate to other people Infants play by themselves; as they grow they begin to play with others

Attachment Emotional ties with others Keeps people together Essential for infant survival Development of Attachment Infants prefer being held or around ANYONE By 4 months specific attachment with care givers form esp. Mothers, grows strongest by 6-7 months By 8 months stranger anxiety develops; most notable if touched by strangers Separation anxiety also develops at this time; crying and behavior changes when primary care giver leaves

Attachment cont’ Contact Comfort Instinctual need to touch and be touched by something soft, such as skin or fur Animal studies suggest this is more important than the need for food Provides a secure basis of comfort for infants to explore the world around them Harlow’s Study

Attachment cont’ Imprinting Instinctual attachment – develops in a critical period following birth Animals imprint on the first moving object they see Konrad Lorenz did this experiment with geese, and they followed him around, ALL THE TIME! Humans have no known critical period, as evidenced in adopted children attached to adoptive parents long after infancy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nzs_8oUIE68

Attachment cont’ Secure Attachment Insecure Attachment Occurs when mothers or other primary caregivers are affectionate and reliable Typically mature as secure children: happy, friendlier, and more cooperative with parents and teachers. Insecure Attachment Occurs when caregivers are unresponsive or unreliable Tend to misbehave more often Do not do as well in school

Styles of Parenting Differing dimensions that can be combined, most parents tend to be in the center of all four. Warmth-Coldness Warm parents show lots of affection Cold parents do not show affection or seem to enjoy their children Children of warm parents are more likely to develop a greater sense of moral goodness and a sense of responsibility when they do wrong Children of cold parents are usually more interested in escaping punishment rather than doing the right thing

Styles of Parenting Strictness-Permissiveness Strict parents impose many rules and supervise children closely Can’t stand messy environment Worry kids are having a negative impact on others Permissive parents impose fewer rules and watch children less closely Less concerned about neatness Feel children need freedom to learn and express themselves to become independent May be unclear of expectations at times Overall, research suggests that consistent and firm enforcement of rules fosters achievement and self- control, esp. when combined with warmth. Conversely, physical punishment or constant interference may lead to disobedience and poor grades in school. (some states still allow corporal punishment?!)

What are the combinations below?

What are the combinations below? CS CP WS WP

Styles of Parenting Authoritative Authoritarian Neglectful Permissive “authority” Warmth with positive strictness Authoritarian Obedience for its own sake “because I said so, that’s why!” Neglectful Cold and unresponsive No rules Indifferent uninvolved Permissive Few or no rules Lenient Indulgent Warm and responsive

Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Neglectful

Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Neglectful

Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Neglectful

Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Neglectful

Parenting Style Identification… ID and Explain WHY That 70’s Show https://youtu.be/JqwDhzGmnHU Willy Wonka https://youtu.be/yxp5diX7ucA Combo – Brave, Mean Girls, Harry Potter, and Lion King https://youtu.be/29hzaoWOksE

Child Abuse and Neglect (Good Will Hunting) Widespread Can be physical OR psychological Estimated at over 3 million kids per year are abused in the United States Most goes unreported Rarely do kids report to authorities Parents tend to protect each other’s abusive behavior Tends to be generational as many parenting styles/techniques are passed from parent to child Abused children are at a higher risk for developing psychological problems, are unsure of themselves and less likely to explore the world around them Future problems could be anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, weak friendships (trust) and aggressive behavior

Child Abuse and Neglect What are the causes? Stress, particularly the stresses caused by unemployment and poverty History of child abuse from parents Acceptance of violence as a means of coping with stress Lack of attachement to a child Substance abuse Rigid attitudes about child rearing

Self-Esteem Begins early in childhood The value or worth people attach to themselves Protects people against stresses and struggles of life Influences on Self-Esteem Secure attachment Close to parents via love and involvement Parents teach/expect appropriate behavior Unconditional Positive Regard Parents love and accept children for who they are – regardless of behavior; “you did wrong, but I still love you.” Conditional Positive Regard Parents only show love when children behave in acceptable ways Tend to only be happy when pleasing others = low self-esteem By 4 years, competence can increase self-esteem, “I am good at…)

Self-Esteem cont’ Gender and Self-Esteem Age and Self-Esteem By age 5-7 children value themselves based on physical appearance and performance in school Cultural Self-fulfilling prophecies? Girls tend to be better at reading and general academics Boys tend to be better at math and physical skills Age and Self-Esteem Competency increased with age/development However, self-esteem drops in the pre-teen years as children begin to compare themselves to others Others may not see them as they see themselves – the AWKWARD stage

Guess the Celebrity! On the following slides there are five well-known celebrities. They had awkward preteen years… See if you can identify them before seeing who they are.

Scenarios… You will be assigned a parenting style and a scenario. Your job is to decide how you would react based on the parenting style you have been assigned.