1. Socialization within the Family

3.  A series of studies gathered information on child rearing by watching parents interact with their children. Two very broad dimensions of parenting emerged. ▪ 1) Demandingness and 2. responsiveness ▪ Some parents establish high standards for their children and insist that their children meet those standards. Other parents demand very little and rarely try to influence their child’s behaviour ▪ Some parents are accepting of and responsive to their children. They frequently engage in open discussions and verbal give and take. Others are rejecting and unresponsive.

5.  Most adaptive approach to child rearing  These parents make reasonable demands for maturity, and they enforce them by setting limits and insisting that the child obey  At same time they express warmth and affection, listen patiently to their child’s point of view and encourage them  This style is rational, democratic approach that recognizes and respects the rights of both parents and children

6.  Children were lively and happy in mood, self confident in new tasks, and self controlled in their ability to resist engaging in disruptive behaviour  Girls = had high independence  Boys = friendly, cooperative behaviour.

7.  Very competent, with high self-esteem, social and moral maturity, involvement in school learning, academic achievement in high school and future education

8.  These parents are also demanding, but place a high value on conformity that makes them unresponsive and at times rejecting when their children do not obey  “ Do it because I said so!” is the attitude of these parents  Therefore there is little give and take with children  Children are expected to accept an adult’s word in an unquestioning manner, if not the parent resorts to force and punishment

9.  This style is biased in favour of parents’ needs  Child’s self-expression and independence are suppressed.

10.  Children are anxious, withdrawn and unhappy  They react with hostility when frustrated with peers  Girls = dependent, lacking in exploration, would not face challenges  Boys = high rates of anger and defiance

11.  Less well adjusted than those reared with an authoritative style  Tend to do better in school, but are less likely to be social

12.  This style is nurturing and accepting, but it avoids making demands or imposing controls of any kind.  These parents allow children to make many of their own decisions at an age when they are not yet capable  Child can go to bed when they want, watch as must t.v as they want etc.  Parents do not teach or force good manners and children do not usually have any responsibility around the house.  Sometimes viewed to lack tact and or social graces

13.  Many of this type of parent truly think this approach is the best, others lack confidence in their ability to influence their child`s behaviour and are disorganized and ineffective in running their households

14.  Children found to be immature  Children have difficulty controlling their impulses and were disobedient and rebellious when asked to do something that conflicted with their desires  Found to be overly demanding and dependent on adults  Boys = tend to be non-achieving

15.  They still show poor self-control  Less involved in school learning  Found to use drugs more frequently than do teenagers whose parents communicate clear standards for behaviour

16.  Combines undemanding with indifferent rejecting behaviours  Uninvolved parents showlittle commitment to care giving beyond the minimum effort required to feed and clothe the child  Parents tend to be emotionally detached and depressed ( stress is the big issue in their lives which leaves little time for their children)  These parents have difficulty setting long term goals for their children, enforcing rules and enforcing acceptable social behaviours

17.  At its extreme this type of parenting can become a legal issue known as neglect  This style of parenting can have devastating effects on children; it can disrupt all aspects of development, including attachment, cognition, play, and emotional and social skills

18.  Parents tend to take little interest in the child`s life at school and do not monitor their whereabouts  Child shows poor emotional self-regulation and poor school performance and are prone to frequent drug use and delinquency.