Section 3 Challenges and Changes in the Movement Chapter 21 Section 3 Challenges and Changes in the Movement
Northern Segregation De facto- segregation that exists by practice and custom De jure- segregation by law “white flight” Most African-Americans live in city slums in apartments buildings not following housing or health codes
Urban Violence Race riots in Chicago, Harlem, Watts due to Segregation Police brutality Poor schools High unemployment African-Americans desire economic equality of opportunity in jobs, housing, education…
African-American Solidarity Malcolm X studied the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, head of the Nation of Islam Whites were the cause of the black condition and that blacks should separate from white society
Ballots or Bullets In March of 1964, Malcolm X broke with the Nation of Islam. Went on a pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia Upon returning to America, his attitude changed February 21, 1965 assassinated
Black Power James Meredith went on a 225 mile “walk against fear” but was shot MLK of SCLC Floyd McKissick of CORE Stokely Carmichael of SNCC uses the slogan “Black Power” MLK disagrees with the slogan feeling it leads to violence and antagonizes whites
Black Panthers Led by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Advocated self-sufficiency , full employment and decent housing Preached self-defense (carry loaded weapons within the law) Established day care centers, free breakfast programs, free medical clinics
1968- A Turning Point MLK objected to Black Power movement April 4, 1968 MLK shot by James Earl Ray in Memphis supporting a garbage workers’ strike Over 100 cities reacted to MLK’s death with riots
Robert Kennedy Campaigning for Democratic presidential nomination Speech in Indianapolis – what was the message? June 1968, assassinated due to his support of Israel
Legacy of Civil Rights Movement March 1968, Kerner Commission, appointed to study the causes of urban violence, issues report The cause: white racism Recommendation of job creation, new housing, end de facto segregation
Civil Rights Gains Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968 (housing) Voting Rights Act high school and college graduates College programs Black art/history/literature Pride in racial identity political gains- voters, elected officials
Unfinished Work Housing and job discrimination Educational inequality Poverty Racism Affirmative action – making special efforts to enroll groups that have suffered discrimination