How to Study for Exams Space your review out over several days, don’t try to do it all at once. Focus on Understanding not Memorization Step 1: Identify the information to be tested. complete review guide, read over notes provided by teacher review Quizlet if available Step 2: Identify what you don’t know (this is what you should spend the most time with) Write down questions you have about this material Seek out the answers to these questions Step 3: Learning is active, do something with the material you need to master (don’t just re-read) Write your own review questions, then answer them Chunk the material and write summaries Make flash cards Draw a picture of the information Create graphic notes (venn diagrams, flow charts, web maps, timelines) Rank the information (by importance, based on your comfort, least interesting to most) Step 4: Learning is social, Review with a friend or parent Quiz each other on the material Take turns reading your summaries Explain your notes to them, teach the material Compare your answers to the review guide- identify difference and look up the information to see who is right.

19.2 Geography of the North All four seasons in the North, cold winters and warm summers Natural bays in Northwest perfect for use as harbors Farming difficult some places because of rocky soil or deep valleys Deforestation took place in Central Plains to make way for farmland

19.3 Geography of the South Climate and natural features encourage agriculture Climate- long, warm, hot summers and mild winters Swamps and marches along coast encourage growing rice and sugarcane Broad flat rivers allowed Southern planters to transport their goods Wide, fertile coastal plains

19.4 Economy of the South Most Southerners were agrarians, based life around farming Few white Southerners owned plantations and slaves, most worked their own farms and made goods themselves Eli Whitney’s cotton gin made cotton growing more efficient, increasing demand for slaves Southerners put money into land and slaves instead of factories or railroads

19.5 Economy of the North Industrial Revolution was a shift from making goods by hand to using machines Industrialists created large factories, located along fast moving streams to power machinery New innovations shifted work from skilled craftspeople to less-skilled laborers Factory owners preferred strong central government to promote improvements in trade, manufacturing and transportation Inventions like the reaper and steel tipped plow greatly reduced the amount of labor to farm

19.6 Transportation in the North In 1806 Congress passed a bill funding construction for a National Road to connect eastern US to western In 1807 Fulton’s steamboat showed that river travel faster then traveling by roads Erie Canal built in 1817 connecting Central Plains to eastern cities Railroads allowed travel even faster then steamboats, and could travel more locations More then twice as many train tracks in North then South, connecting Northern factories with cities hundreds of miles away

19.7 Transportation in the South Slow current and broad channels made travel by river most common in South Cotton was most important good shipped by river from plantation docks to Southern cities As a result, most southern town and cities located along river ways Southerners opposed bill to build more roads and canals, felt they didn’t need them (only benefit Northerners) Some railroads in South but not many

19.8 Society in the South Southerners measured wealth by slaves and land Mid-1800 Social Structure: rich planation owners on top, white farmers and workers in the middle, African Americans and slaves at the bottom Small group of wealthy plantation owners were political leaders in Southern life leisurely life Majority of white southerners: didn’t own slaves, worked own fields, made own goods Free African Americans: discriminated against, segregates, low paying jobs

19.9 Society in the North Most in North not wealthy or powerful In 1860 7/10 Northerners lived on farms but towns and cities were growing significantly Northern cities were dirty, dangerous places to live African Americans in North were discriminated against so they formed their own schools, churches, etc. Immigration Push: famine for Irish, failed Rev. for Germans Immigration Pull: farm land, jobs in factories and mills Irish immigrants discriminated against because of diff. religion and were poorer

Chapter 19 The worlds of the North and South Geography 4 seasons, rocky soil, jagged coast, deforestation Mild climate, rich soil, broad flat rivers, swamps and marshes along the coast Economy Industrialist, Industrial Revolution, spread to the US in the early 1800s , shift from making by hand to made by machines. Mass production, interchangeable parts. Diverse mix of industry and farming Agrarian, cash crops of rice, tobacco, indigo and cotton, plantations, cotton gin made cotton King in the south, and expanded the demand for slave labor Transportation Railroads (20,000 miles by 1860), steam boats (up and down stream), Clipper ships (ocean travel in ½ time) canals, toll roads, turnpikes and the National road. Faster transportation lowered the price of good because they were cheaper to ship) River boats and some rail roads. Not as important to the agricultural economy. Most plantations had their own docks.

Chapter 19 continued North South Society Top: Industrialist, bankers, merchants; Middle: doctors, lawyers, shop owners, German immigrants; Bottom: factory workers, Irish immigrants, farmers; very bottom: Free African Americans Top: planters (plantation owners), Middle: farmers, poor whites, Bottom: free African Americans, very bottom: slaves