Review of 2.2.3. Biochemistry

What IS hydrolysis?

Where does hydrolysis take place?

How does hydrolysis relate to energy? When bonds are broken and new bonds are formed, energy is released

How does hydrolysis relate to monomers and polymers? It breaks polymers INTO monomers Proteins into Amino acids Carbs into Monosaccharides Lipids into Glycerol and fatty acid chains Nucleic acids into Nucleotides

What IS dehydration synthesis?

Where does dehydration synthesis take place?

How does dehydration synthesis relate to energy? Building these bonds REQUIRES energy!

How does dehydration synthesis relate to monomers and polymers? It BUILDS monomers INTO polymers Amino acids into Proteins (muscles, skin, hair, blood cells, hormones) Monosaccharides into Polysaccharides (only in plants—we’re made of protein) Glyerol and fatty acids chains into Lipids (when we lay around and eat and watch tv) Nucleotides into DNA (so we can pass on our genes)

What are carbohydrates?

What are carbohydrates? Monosaccharides “One sugar” Glucose, fructose, galactose Cannot be broken down further in digestive tract

What are carbohydrates? Disaccharides “Two sugars” Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar) Break into monosaccharides

What are carbohydrates? Polysaccharides “Many sugars” Starch, glycogen and fiber Break into monosaccharides

What are proteins? VERY complex molecules, made of amino acids

Basic Structure of an amino acid There are 20 different “R-groups” shown below (you do not need to memorize them.. Just recognize the structure of an amino acid

What are lipids? Simple molecules, mostly carbon and hydrogen

What are lipids? Saturated are fully saturated (covered) with: Hydrogen! Saturated fats have no double bonds in the carbon chain Solid at room temp UNHEALTHY Mostly from animals

What are lipids? Fatty acid chains can be added to glycerol The example above only contains saturated fatty acid chains The example above has an unsaturated fatty acid chain

What are lipids? Unsaturated have room for more: Hydrogen! Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond in the carbon chain Liquid at room temp HEALTHY Mostly from vegetable sources

What are nucleic acids? The molecule of heredity! Examples include DNA and RNA