Transport across a selective membrane: -Passive transport (without energy; no ATP is required) -simple diffusion (from high concentration to low concentration) -facilitated diffusion (from high concentration to low concentration using carriers) -osmosis (movement of water from hypotonic solution (low concentration) to hypertonic solution (high concentration)) -Active transport (with energy; requires ATP and it is from low concentration to high concentration) Organic molecules: -Proteins -Carbohydrates (sugars) -Lipids (fats, oils, waxes) -Nucleic acids(DNA and RNA) Flow of energy in ecosystems: TOP CARNIVORE -Heterotroph= consumer = animals, fungi, and protozoa CARNIVORE HERBIVORE -Autotroph = producer = plants and algae Evolution: -Mutation -Population -Adaption -Survival of the fittest -Environmental change change Evidences of evolution: -Fossil record -Geographic distribution -Embryology -Compared anatomy -Genetics

=ATP= Photosynthesis: Process carried out by autotrophs (plants and algae) Enzymes: They are proteins that speed up chemical reactions Light Energy Chloroplast Carbon dioxide + Water Sugars + Oxygen Replication, transcription, and translation: -DNA made up of two strands A, G, C, and T (base pairing AT and CG) -RNA made up of one strand A, G, C, and U -Proteins made up of amino acids Cellular respiration: Process carried out to produce energy =ATP for cellular processes Mitochondrion =ATP= Gene: Sequence of DNA coding for a trait Mutation: -Change in the -Modification sequence of DNA in the organism Cell division: -Human cells have 46 chromosomes -Gametes (sperm and egg) have 23 chromosomes; gametes are formed during meiosis; during fertilization, gametes fuse together forming the zygote -The zygote has 46 chromosomes and starts dividing by mitosis Mendelian genetics: -Homozygous =pure breeding= same alleles= AA, bb, ZZ, etc -Heterozygous = hybrid= different alleles= Aa, Bb, Zz, etc -Dominant allele=trait expressed in the hybrid= A,B, Z, etc -recessive allele= trait hidden in the hybrid= a, b, z, etc