1. Interdependence of Life
Biodiversity is determined by the number of different species in a given area.
What do we call the maximum population size that an environment can support indefinitely?
Carrying
Capacity
No mention of biodiversity.
C________________
C__________________

2. Interdependence of Life
Limiting factors like water, food, light, predators and access to shelter affect the carrying capacity of an environment.
What’s the primary limiting factor here?
Water

3. Interdependence of Life
Non-native plants or animals (like these zebra mussles) that disrupt and dominate an environment are called…
Invasive Species
By outcompeting native species, they reduce the biodiversity in a region.
No mention of invasive species

4. Heredity A, T (U in RNA), C, or G All living things have DNA.
(so do viruses…)
DNA is made of a sugar-phosphate backbone and repeating nitrogen bases:
A, T (U in RNA), C, or G
Which bases always sit across from each other?
AT(U) and CG

5. Heredity DNA coils up to form… Chromosomes.
Sections of a chromosome that code for a trait are called…
Genes.
A gene simply tells the cell how to build a…
Protein.

6. Heredity Copy DNA: Replication. Build RNA from DNA: Transcription.
Build protein at the ribosome from RNA:
Translation.
These words not mentioned…

7. Heredity Copying the DNA (so cells can divide): Replication
DNA untwists, unzips
Opposite bases are added to each side

8. Heredity mRNA (“messengers”): copy of the DNA
tRNA (“trucks”): bring the correct amino acids
The amino acids are joined to make a protein

9. Heredity Genotype: a description of the genes using letters.
Recessive genes (lower case letter) are hidden when Dominant genes (capital letter) are present
The different versions of a gene are called alleles.
Which of these genotypes are homozygous???
Phenotype: a physical description of the traits.

10. Heredity Do you remember what to do??? R = Red r = White
If you cross two heterozygous Red flowers, what are the odds that the offspring will be white?
R = Red
r = White

11. 25% chance of a white offspring flower
Heredity
25% chance of a white offspring flower

12. Heredity
Some genetic diseases in unborn babies can be predicted with genetic testing.
Because there are no cures for genetic disorders, parents are sometimes faced with difficult decisions…

13. Flow of Energy and Matter
Matter & energy is constantly transferred and transformed among organisms, and energy is dissipated as _____ into the environment.
HEAT

14. Flow of Energy and Matter
Because energy in a food chain is lost as heat, higher trophic levels support fewer organisms.
Who are the autotrophs in this energy pyramid?
Who are the heterotrophs?

15. Flow of Energy and Matter
Matter cycles through biotic and abiotic parts of the environment.
This diagram shows parts of the oxygen cycle.
The carbon cycle also includes photosynthesis and respiration.

16. Flow of Energy and Matter
The Carbon Cycle
Photosynthesis removes carbon from the atmosphere.
Cell Respiration returns carbon to the atmosphere.
carbon
dioxide
glucose + oxygen
+ water +
ATP

17. Flow of Energy and Matter
The Carbon Cycle…
Also includes combustion.
Too much combustion and not enough photosynthesis may be leading to…
GLOBAL WARMING

18. Flow and Energy and Matter
___________ in the roots of plants remove Nitrogen from the atmosphere and add it to the soil.
Bacteria
Other bacteria return Nitrogen to the atmosphere.
All life needs nitrogen for DNA and amino acids…

19. Structure & Function in Living Organisms
Cell processes (like photosynthesis or mitosis) become less efficient when factors like pH and temperature change.
To stay efficient, cells and organisms must “correct” these changes.
This is called maintaining ______________
Homeostasis

20. Structure & Function in Living Organisms
Other homeostasis examples:
Drinking or Peeing to maintain water levels
Sweating or shivering to maintain body temperatures.

21. Structure & Function in Living Organisms
Homeostasis examples in plants:
Gravitropism and Phototropism

22. Structure & Function in Living Organisms
More Homeostasis:
The digestive system takes in nutrients.
The respiratory system exchanges gases.
The circulatory system transports materials.

23. Structure & Function in Living Organisms
96% of living matter is made of these four elements: H O N C
Phosphorus (P) and Sulfur (S) are also very important

24. Structure & Function in Living Organisms
Carbohydrates are made of C, H, and O and they have _________ structures
Ring
Carbs are used for short-term energy storage; they are sugars

25. Structure & Function in Living Organisms
Lipids are better known as
Fats
They are used for long-term energy storage.
They have long hydrocarbon chains.

26. Structure & Function in Living Organisms
Proteins are long chains of
Amino Acids
Proteins do most of the work in a cell
___________ are proteins that speed reactions in the cell
Enzymes
That SHAPE changes if the order of amino acids is changed, if the pH changes, or if the temperature rises significantly (like with a fever…)
The SHAPE of an enzyme determines how it works

27. Structure & Function in Living Organisms
Nucleic acids are better known as: __ __ __ or __ __ __
DNA or RNA
Nucleic acids store information