1. Biochemistry, Cells, & Cellular Division EOC Packet #1

2. Basic Information Six Elements: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorous

3. Molecule Smallest representative piece of a compound Example: Water, carbon dioxide

4. Organic Compounds: Must contain carbon Examples: nucleic acids, protein, carbohydrates, lipids,

5. Class NameElementsFunctionExamples CarbohydratesC,H,OStorage of EnergySugar, Starches LipidsC,H,OEnergy, Waterproof Coverings, Chemical Messengers Fats, oils, waxes ProteinC,H,O,P,N,SStructural Support, Chemical Messengers (enzymes) Enzymes Nucleic AcidC,H,O,P,NGenetic MaterialDNA, RNA

6. Enzymes Belong to the class of compounds…..proteins Their job is to….. Catalyze reactions Effectiveness if dependent on…..Temperature, pH, substrate/enzyme concentration Job is linked to structure…..Active site of enzyme matches up with substrate shape Breakdown of food (example: break down of lactose by lactase); Cell respiration; DNA Replication

7. Basic Information Homeostasis: maintaining a constant environment Water- helps provide homeostasis in the body; absorbs water soluble substances; excretion of wastes; osmotic balance

8. Cells regulate the flow of molecules in and out of the cell using the CELL MEMBRANE DIFFUSION is the process that moves solutes from high concentration to low concentration. OSMOSIS is the process that moves water from hypotonic (low solute/high water) areas to hypertonic (high solute/low water) areas ACTIVE TRANSPORT is a process that requires energy to move charged ions through the membrane.

9. Membrane’s Function It is selectively permeable so it only allows certain things to enter and exit the cell Once inside the cell different molecules can be used for different purposes. Sugars are used by the cell for cell respiration Proteins are broken down into subunits called amino acids and used to build new proteins

10. Cells…. Cells are made of many small structures called ORGANELLES each of which has a specific job. List several jobs performed by the parts of the cells: Make proteins (ribosomes); transport (ER); storage (vacuole)

11. When do cells divide? Growth or repair (injury)

12. MITOSISMEIOSIS AUTOSOMES/BODY CELLS SEX CELLS DIPLOIDHAPLOID ONE DIVISIONTWO DIVISION SYMBOLIZED AS 2NSYMBOLIZED AS N

13. Body cells or autosomes have two times the amount of chromosomes than sex cells. Example: sperm/egg cell has 23 chromosomes while body cells have 46 chromosomes

14. Mistakes during mitosis and meiosis lead to different problems. Which one is more likely to lead to a defect in the entire body of an organism? Meiosis Which one is more likely to lead to a defect in a single body part? Mitosis

15. Mutations: change in a DNA sequence Causes: UV light, Cancer, Smoking Pathogens: anything that causes a disease Causes: viruses like influenza, mumps :