Civil War 1861 - 1865 Period 5 1844 – 1877

1860 Election Lincoln’s election signaled the beginning of the end for slavery Crittenden Compromise Constitutional amendment to protect slavery from federal interference where it already existed Expansion of the MO Compromise line (36’ 30º) to CA border Lincoln feared the Crittenden Compromise would unleash new imperialist adventures

Secession 1860 – S. Carolina secedes Confederate States of America – Pres. Jefferson Davis Border states remain in the Union – MO, KY, DE, & MD Would give the south more men to fight in the war Manufacturing capacity Strategic geographic location “Very important that the traitors shall be the aggressors” The north does not believe that the South is actually going to secede from the Union. South Carolina votes unanimously to leave the union (Dec. 20, 1860). Other states follow: MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX, TN, NC, AR & VA (some joined after Lincoln mobilized troops after Fort Sumter) It was critical that Lincoln maintain the border states in the Union. It was a strategic move on the side of the Union.

The spark… Fort Sumter (April 1861) Strategies: SC demands the fort Lincoln sends supplies; Davis orders the firing on the fort Major Anderson surrenders Southern victory Strategies: South: defensive war to protect their territory (don’t lose) North: has to defeat the South Anaconda Plan – blockade by sea, control MS River & “squeeze” the South Fort Sumter, SC Southern victory at Fort Sumter gives them a false sense of success. They may have won the battle but you started a war.

Anaconda Plan

North Industrial resources Transportation – railroads Powerful navy Advantages Disadvantages Industrial resources Transportation – railroads Powerful navy Esta gov’t Population 22 million in North 9 million in South Lack of military leadership Lack of purpose Let the South go Lincoln replaced his generals often because he felt they weren’t aggressive enough. General George McClellan had been replaced by Lincoln twice.

South Fighting a defensive war Sense of purpose advantages disadvantages Fighting a defensive war Sense of purpose Veteran military officials Cotton Diplomacy Hoped to get aid from Europe b/c of their dependence on cotton No navy No govt structure Poorly equipped No railroads No manufacturing Poor grain harvest in Britain required them to depend on American Midwest wheat. King Wheat stood triumphant.

Total War Conscription (draft) – all men 20 – 45 yrs old had to register for the draft Confederacy (April 1862); Union passed Conscription Act (March 1863) $300 substitutes NY Draft Riots – wealthy & African Americans attacked Germans & Irish refused to serve “20 Negro Law” in the South Suspension of Habeas Corpus Temporary imprisoned southern sympathizers For every 20 slaves a southern planter had, they could exempt one white man (the planter, a son or an overseer) “Rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight” New immigrants (Germans & Irish) do not want to serve in the war. They feel Lincoln was drafting poor whites to liberate enslaved blacks who would then flood the cities and take their jobs

Business of War Embalmers Women & war Preserve bodies Women & war Nurses (Dorothea Dix) New jobs: farms, teachers, factories, spies, soldiers New industries to provide soldiers w/ necessities Govt-assisted economic development Tariffs (40%) Boost agricultural output – Homestead Act 1862 Expanded transportation system “Contrabands” – slaves who reached Union camps New rail lines were built to transport hogs and cattle to cities for processing  prosperity to many Midwestern farmers and meatpacking entrepreneurs. Confiscation Act (Aug 1861) – authorized the seizure of all property, including slaves, used to support the rebellion

Emancipation proclamation Following the Battle of Antietam Union victory Justified as military necessity Declared slaves free in rebel territory Does not free slaves in border states Impact Strengthened the moral cause of the North New soldiers for Union Army A-A see this as an opportunity to prove their citizenship The proclamation legally abolished slavery in all states that were still in rebellion on January 1, 1863. The rebel states could preserve slavery by renouncing secession. None chose to do so. Now the old south must be destroyed. In the North, some white voters unleashed a racist backlash. Nativist want blacks and Irish to leave the continent.