1. DIVIDED BY WAR

2. THE SECESSION CRISIS LINCOLN’S ELECTION LEADS SO. CAROLINA TO SECEDE
DEC. 20TH 1860
QUESTION: WOULD OTHER STATES FOLLOW?

3. THE CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE DEC. 1860
JOHN CRITTENDEN (KY) PROPOSES A COMPROMISE
A SERIES OF CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS.
HOPES TO CONVINCE SOUTH NOT TO LEAVE.

4. THE TERMS OF THE COMPROMISE
RESTORE THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE LINE 36,30
UNAMENDABLE AMENDMENT TO GUARANTEE SLAVERY WHERE IT EXISTS.
A SPECIAL COMMITTEE FORMED TO WORK OUT THE DEAL.

5. REPUBLICANS & LINCOLN REJECT THE COMPROMISE.
IT WOULD VIOLATE THE REPUBLICAN PLATFORM.
COMPROMISE IS DEFEATED IN COMMITTEE
LAST HOPE OF AVOIDING WAR IS GONE.
Platform stated no slavery where it did not already exist. The Compromise would open up a large area to new slavery.
Lincoln refused to go along with any extension of slavery into new territory.
The Compromise proposal died in committee, taking with it any last hope for avoiding war.

6. SIX MORE STATES SECEDE MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX
BEFORE LINCOLN IS INAUGURATED.
FEB. 18TH, 1861 THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA
JEFFERSON DAVIS ELECTED PRESIDENT.
Mississippi: January 9, 1861
Florida: January 10, 1861
Alabama: January 11, 1861
Georgia: January 19, 1861
Louisiana: January 26, 1861
Texas: February 1, 1861

7. PRESIDENT BUCHANAN DOES NOTHING.
HE WAS A “LAME DUCK” WAITING TO LEAVE OFFICE.
He said the southern states had no right to secede but added that the federal govt. had no right to forcibly prevent secession.
He urged compromise but took no decisive action to preserve the Union.

8. LINCOLN IS INAUGURATED MARCH 1861
INAUGURAL ADDRESS TRIES TO REASSURE THE SOUTH.
“I HAVE NO POWER OR DESIRE TO END SLAVERY WHERE IT EXISTS”
LAYS RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING WAR W/ SOUTH
"We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.” - Lincoln's First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861.
“I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.” - Lincoln’s First Inaugural - quoting an earlier speech in an effort to sooth the fears of the South.
"In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to 'preserve, protect, and defend it'." Lincoln's First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861.

9. FORT SUMTER CHARLESTON, SO CAROLINA
MAJOR ANDERSON IN COMMAND OF THE FORT.
LINCOLN TRIES TO SEND SUPPLIES.
4:30 AM APRIL 12, 1861 GEN. BEAUREGARD OPENS FIRE.
NO ONE KILLED.

10. LINCOLN CALLS FOR 75,000 VOLUNTEERS.
VA, AR., TN, N.C. JOIN THE CONFEDERACY
THE BORDER STATES (DE, MD, KY, & MO) REMAIN IN UNION
VITAL TO UNION SUCCESS

11. MORE… LINCOLN: “I HOPE GOD IS ON OUR SIDE, BUT I MUST HAVE KENTUCKY.”
LINCOLN MOVES TO HOLD MARYLAND - SUSPENDS HABEAS CORPUS
KENTUCKY REMAINS LOYAL
AS DO THE REST OF THE BORDER STATES
The Border States were critical for the union to hold. Slavery existed throughout these states but they remained loyal to the Union.
Lincoln was particularly concerned about Kentucky and Maryland.
It was critical to secure the Union’s borders
Lincoln authorized the arming of Union sympathizers in KY, a slave state with a Unionist legislature. He also stationed Union troops in Illinois under Grant. These troops would respond to any efforts by Confederate forces to occupy the state of KY.
Skirmishes took place there but ultimately, KY remained loyal.
In MD, Lincoln had obvious concerns. Washington D.C. was bounded on one side by VA. He wanted to ensure that the capitol would not be surrounded by Confederate states.
MD was filled with Confederate sympathizers. Baltimore mobs attacked Union troops bound for Washington.
Lincoln responded by suspending the writ of habeas corpus in MD and sending federal troops.
Habeas corpus is a court order meant to protect prisoners from unlawful restraint
Troops could arrest pro-secessionist Marylanders without formally charging them with specific offenses.
MD and DE rejected secession.
Despite several years of bitter fighting between pro- and anti-slavery forces, MO remained in the Union.

12. The Southern Position CONFIDENT OF VICTORY
FIGHTING FOR INDEPENDENCE, NOT SLAVERY.
FIGHTING FROM DEFENSIVE POSITION - ALWAYS DESIREABLE
BELIEVED YANKS WERE WEAK & WOULD QUIT

13. THE NORTHERN POSITION CONFIDENT OF VICTORY
NORTH HAD POPULATION AND MATERIAL ADVANTAGE
FIGHTING TO PRESERVE THE UNION - THE NOBLE CAUSE
THOUGHT SECESSIONISTS WERE TREASONOUS REBELS

14. THE MILITARY BALANCE SHEET.
SOUTHERN MILITARY TRADITION
SOUTHERNERS HIGHLY MOTIVATED
HAD BEST OFFICERS AT START OF THE WAR.
FIGHTING ON HOME GROUND.

15. MORE… THE NORTH LARGER POPULATION 4X AS MANY TROOPS
MORE FACTORIES & SUPPLIES
MOST RAILROADS IN THE NORTH
A NAVY TO BLOCKADE THE SOUTH
SCOTT’S ANACONDA PLAN CALLED FOR CONSTRICTING THE CONFEDERACY TO DEATH

16. Mobilization Call to Arms

17. Mobilization Supplies & Armaments

18. CIVIL LEADERS: PRESIDENT LINCOLN
LINCOLN HAD NO SIGNIFICANT MILITARY EXPERIENCE
NOT RESPECTED BY MANY
CLEVER & WISE POLITICIAN

19. Politics & Leadership Government
Confederate President Jefferson Davis
Vice President Alexander Stephens VS
Union President Abraham Lincoln
Vice President Andrew Johnson

20. JEFFERSON DAVIS POLITICAL EXPERIENCE
WEST POINT GRAD, VETERAN OF MEXICAN WAR.
SEC OF WAR
DAVIS WAS A WEAK LEADER
FURTHER WEAKENED BY GENERAL FEAR OF CENTRALIZED POWER IN SOUTH
Davis, from Mississippi, was politically experienced, serving on two separate occasions as a Senator from that state.
He was a West Point grad and served in the Mexican war, fighting in the battles at Monterrey and Buena Vista.
During the Pierce Administration, Davis served as the Sec. of War.

21. Politics & Leadership Key Military Figures
Union leader of all armies
Lt. General Ulysses S. Grant VS
Confederate leader of all armies
General Robert E. Lee

22. MOBILIZING FOR WAR BOTH SIDES RELY ON VOLUNTEERS UNION PAYS BOUNTIES
“BOUNTY JUMPING” A PROBLEM
1863 CONGRESS PASSES A DRAFT
MEN 20 TO 45

23. MORE… DRAFT WAS UNFAIR. $300 COULD BUY EXEMPTION
YOU COULD HIRE A SUBSTITUTE.
SOUTH PASSED DRAFT IN 1862
18 TO 45 YEARS OLD.
LARGE SLAVE OWNERS EXEMPT.

24. FUNDING THE WAR SOUTH SOLD BONDS 40% OF WAR COSTS
REST PAID BY PRINTING MONEY
CAUSED RUNAWAY INFLATION.
NORTH PASSED INCOME TAX
TAXED MANUFACTURED GOODS AND SOLD BONDS.
Both sides sold war bonds to help fund the war
One problem was that bonds had to be paid in specie, which was in short supply in both sides.
The North was much more successful in selling bonds.
The South compensated for the shortfall in funds for the war by printing money, an act that led to runaway inflation.
Both sides suffered from wartime inflation but it was most severe in the south. 80% in the North % in the South.
An item costing $1 in 1861 cost $46 in 1864
The Union passed an income tax to raise funds.
In addition, the Union overcame early hesitation over raising taxes on manufactured goods, imposing increasingly stiff taxes on products.

25. MORE… BY 1862, DAILY COST OF WAR WAS $1.75 MILLION PER DAY
NORTH PASSED THE LEGAL TENDER ACT(1862)
ISSUES PAPER MONEY CALLED “GREENBACKS”
NATIONAL BANKING ACT BANKS MUST BUY FEDERAL BONDS.
The Legal Tender Act authorized the issue of $150 million in paper money called Greenbacks
The additional $ made it easier to pay soldiers, to levy and raise taxes, and to sell war bonds.
To bolster public confidence in Greenbacks, the Union made it legal tender to pay public and private debts.
The National Banking Act of 1863 permitted private banks to secure national charters, required nationally chartered banks to purchase govt. bonds, and authorized them to use the bonds as backing for bank notes.
The law provided a sound national currency and helped the sale of bonds to finance the war.

26. Mobilization Technology
Technology same for both sides
More accurate rifles with longer range
Deadly advances in artillery pieces
First crude submarines (South)
Beginning of trench warfare
Cavalry and Bayonets become secondary and eventually obsolete
The element of surprise is the greatest advantage

27. Military Strategy Suppression vs. Attrition
North
Suppress a rebellion and restore a Union
Compel the South into ceasing their attempts
Completely crush the war-waging capacity of the South
South
Fight a war of attrition
Prolong the war to the point where it becomes a waste of time and money to continue
Win independence by default if North does not continue