Unit 5.4 Global Migrations Modern Era 1750 CE-1914 CE

Key Concept 5.4: Global Migrations Global migrations increased as compared to previous eras This lecture will cover reasons for immigration (and emigration) as well as the social changes endured

Population changes The global population increased as a result of: Changes in food production Modern Agricultural Revolution Crop rotation/farming techniques and technologies improved Improved medical conditions Improved medical procedures Vaccinations Sanitation/antiseptics Pasteurization

Transportation changes New modes of transportation led to an influx of migrations to cities (urbanization) Railroads allowed for travel into cities where jobs were more plentiful Steamships provided a means to travel overseas at a faster rate than previous eras

Emigration and immigration Migrants relocate for a variety of economic reasons In search of work Forced to move (coerced laborers)

Pull Factors Free laborers usually migrated in search of work Industrial Revolution arrived in some countries (Great Britain, United States) faster than others Factories normally didn’t require skilled laborers so cheap immigrants were often preferred in places like the U.S.

Pull Factors While most free migrants relocate permanently, some returned home seasonally Italians in Argentina Argentina offered citizenship to migrants when U.S. was becoming more anti- immigrant Lebanese merchants in the Americas Some fled for religious reasons Occupation by Europeans imperial nations left merchants seeking greater profits elsewhere

Push Factors There were of course still plenty of people forced to move (coerced laborers) Slavery African Slave trade would be abolished in 1807 Chinese/Indian indentured servitude Contracts usually between 5-10 years long Employed by their Imperial governments Usually worked on plantations (replaced slave labor after abolition) Convict labor English convicts forced to Australia and New Zealand to alleviate crowded prisons

Key Concept 5.4: Global Migration Most migrants from Asia and Africa were relocating to the Americas However, Europeans were both relocating to the Americas and to their colonial territories in Africa and Asia These migrations caused a variety of social and cultural consequences

Social consequence #1: Gender roles changed: Most labor migrants were men Women were left to care for families, but also do jobs formerly belonging to men

Social consequence #2: Transplanting new culture: Migrants created ethnic enclaves which helped provided a support system from new immigrants Ex. “Chinatown” Google map Chinatown

Social consequence #3: Racial and ethnic prejudice: Receiving societies often rejected immigrants and tried to regulate the number of people entering their country U.S. passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 White Australia policy barred non-Europeans from migrating to Australia

Clean up for Unit 5.1 Industrialism around the world Modern Era 1750 CE-1914 CE

What you should know already What you should also know Industrial Revolution starts in Great Britain around 1750 and spreads to Western Europe first Industrial Revolution didn’t reach the United States until nearly 1800’s First factory - 1790 Russia and Japan - 1890

What you should know already What you should also know Factories brought changes to the typical roles of women and children, as more were seen working in factories during this era Pay was worse for both groups in comparison to that of men Feminist movements began and resulted in eventually led to voting rights in several nations Child labor laws and Educational reforms were passed to keep children in school Free public education in places like the U.S.

What you should know already What you should also know Global trade expanded thanks to rapid production in factories Industrialized nations (who used to be the buyers) were now the ones selling finished products to foreign nations Industrialized nations were now in need of importing raw materials and food crops instead of luxury items Wheat Meat Sugar Cotton Rubber Metals

What you should know already What you should also know Industrialized nations are the ones profiting from this global economic change Some Asian nations are at the mercy of Imperial governments There was a sharp decline in Middle Eastern and Asian share in global exports Still participating in these industries, but not at the scale they once were Cotton Iron working Shipbuilding

What you should know already What you should also know Imperial nations infiltrated foreign governments through diplomacy and warfare throughout Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Pacific This era would be the start of Transnational businesses (businesses from one nation but with a home base in a foreign land) The United Fruit Company (U.S. based company operating in Central America) This is also the era where we first see these financial instruments Stock Markets Insurance The Gold-Standard