English Constitutional Monarchy By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY Adapted by: Mr. Reiner Kolodinski

The Stuart Monarchy

James I [r. 1603-1625]– House of Stuart Mary, Q of Scots son James I’s speech to the House of Commons: “I am surprised that my ancestors should ever be permitted such an institution to come into existence. I am a stranger, and found it here when I arrived, so that I am obliged to put up with what I cannot get rid of!” Attitude = Divine Right!! Star Chamber courts used… no Parliamentary courts…

James I [r. 1603-1625] Strong Anglican Anti-Parliament Anti-Puritan Separatists leave England…Plymouth Pilgrims Anti-Parliament Customs Duties imposed ($$) to avoid Parliament Catholic alliances Jamestown, VA… Anti-tobacco

Ship Money Assessments, 1636 [per square mile] What could account for the differences in assessments (duties / taxes) for the different regions of the country?

King James Bible, 1611 Sponsored the publication of this English version of the Bible… Royal Influences

Charles I [r. 1625-1649] Anti-Parliament Tariffs, duties, taxes and quartering troops Petition of Right Parliament must approve taxes No quartering troops No imprisonment without just cause

Nicknamed “The Stuart Magna Carta” The Petition of Rights, 1628 Nicknamed “The Stuart Magna Carta” Original Magna Carta issued 1215 Against royal abuse of power Contract between King & Nobles Limited the power of the King Guaranteed Rights… Jury, Due Process Required Parliament’s consent on taxes

The Many Faces of Charles I by Van Dyck (1633) The Many Faces of Charles I

Thomas Wentworth Earl of Stafford Hired by Charles I to raise money for the crown Centralized government Sought new revenue sources Enforced and extended laws Angered Parliament and the people

Archbishop William Laud Forced religious conformity in Britain Book of Common Prayer Puritans & Presbyterians protested Scots rebelled… $ req’d “Short Parliament” “Power of the Purse” Parliament seeks cooperation Charles dissolves Parliament Archbishop William Laud

The Long Parliament 1640-1660 Charles I called on Parliament for military operation funding vs. Scots in rebellion Parliament religiously & politically divided Parliament suspended royal decrees Laud & Wentworth impeached AND executed by Parliament Parliament invaded by Charles I & then passes Military Ordinance >> civil war!

Allegiance of Members of the Long Parliament (1640-1660)

Royalists (Cavaliers) Parliamentarians (Roundheads) English Civil War (1621-1649) Royalists (Cavaliers) Parliamentarians (Roundheads) House of Lords N & W England Aristocracy Large landowners Church officials More rural, less prosperous House of Commons S & E England Puritans Merchants Townspeople More urban , more prosperous

Oliver Cromwell [1599-1658] The “Interregnum” Period [1649-1660] Roundheads prevail in Civil War Inspired Thomas Hobbes – “Leviathan” Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan Republic aka Commonwealth (1649-1653) Abolished House of Lords, monarchy & official church Executed Charles I publicly Conquered Scotland & Ireland… BRUTAL TACTICS used Disbanded Parliament 1653

Oliver Cromwell [1599-1658] The “Interregnum” Period [1649-1660] The Protectorate (1654-60) = dictatorship Cromwell is Lord Protector Strict Puritan rule Prohibited theatre, dance, alcohol, etc. Limited rights Religious conformity Ended 1658 @ Cromwell’s death

New Model Army Soldier’s Catechism Puritan Rule or else Atrocities vs. Irish Catholics Military rule = martial law Limited Freedoms

The Public Beheading of Charles I Why is this execution so significant?

King Charles II [r. 1660-1685] The Restoration Period Had charm, poise, & political skills. Restored the theaters, reopened the pubs and brothels closed during the Cromwell’s Protectorate Era Favored religious toleration. Secret Catholic sympathies. Avoided father’s mistakes

King Charles II [r. 1660-1685] 1661  “Cavalier” Parliament [Royalists] Disbanded the Puritan army. Pardoned most Puritan rebels. Restored the authority of the Church of England. 1662  Clarendon Code [Act of Uniformity] Anglican religious conformity = All had to use the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. Forbade “non-conformists” to worship publicly, teach their faith, or attend English universities… Catholics, Presbyterians, Jews

King Charles II [r. 1660-1685] American “Restoration Colonies”= “Carolinas” 1673 Test Act Parliament excluded all but Anglicans from civilian and military positions… “Puritan Radicals” / “Catholic Traitors” 1679 Habeas Corpus Act!! (still in use) Any unjustly imprisoned persons could obtain a writ of habeas corpus = govt. must explain why imprisoned.

Charles II’s Foreign Policy 1665 – 1667: Second Anglo-Dutch War Uses Louis XIV as ideal ally against the Dutch… shows pro-Catholic sympathies, $$ to be made! 1670  Treaty of Dover = E + F vs. Dutch Declaration of Indulgence rescinds Clarendon Code

“The Popish Plot 1678” Titus Oates swore Catholics were plotting to assassinate King Charles II Parliament believed…Hysteria… innocent RCs died… plot proved to be a lie Oates condemned & humiliated

King James II [r. 1685-1688] Bigoted convert to Catholicism Lacked shrewdness or ability to compromise Alienated even the Tories. Provoked revolution by his attitude

King James II [r. 1685-1688] Put Catholics into the High Command of both the army and navy. Stationed “standing army” outside of London. Surrounded himself with Catholic advisors & attacked Anglican control of the universities. Claimed the power to suspend or dispense with Acts of Parliament. 1687  Declaration of Liberty of Conscience He extended religious toleration to RC’s without Parliament’s approval or support.

The “Glorious” Revolution: 1688 Whig & Tory leaders offer the throne jointly to James II’s daughter Mary [raised a Protestant] & her husband, William of Orange. He was a vigorous enemy of Louis XIV. He was seen as a champion of the Protestant cause. English Protestants support this

English Bill of Rights [1689] Constitutional Monarchy Settled all major issues between King & Parliament. Served as a model for the U.S. Bill of Rights. Basis for the steady expansion of civil liberties of 18c and early 19c England.

English Bill of Rights [1689] Main provisions: The King could not suspend laws. The King could not interfere with course of justice. No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent. Freedom of speech in Parliament. Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently. Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. The monarch must be a Protestant. Freedom from arbitrary arrest. Censorship of the press was dropped. Religious toleration.

Age of Walpole (PM) Last Stuart ruler, Queen Anne childless “House of Hanover” (German) begins to rule England b/c… Act of Settlement 1701 orderly shift in power if K/Q are childless… King George I becomes king 1714 Robert Walpole becomes PM England flourished under his leadership in the 1700s Maintained peace, increased trade