1. English Constitutional Monarchy and the Saga of the Tutor and Stuart Families

2. Magna Carta, 1215 * A list of demands made by the nobility.
* Created a CONTRACT between the king and the aristocracy.
* Established principles which limited the power of the king:
King must ask for popular consent for taxes.
“Power of the Purse”
Accused must have jury trial.
King must rule by law

3. England - Pathway to Revolution 1603-1689

4. The Stuart Monarchy

5. James I (1603-1625) James I’s speech to the House of Commons:
I am surprised that my ancestors should ever be permitted such an institution to come into existence. I am a stranger, and found it here when I arrived, so that I am obliged to put up with what I cannot get rid of!
* In reference to the Puritans

6. James I (1603-1625) Queen Elizabeth’s Protestant cousin
He was Scottish; he didn’t understand English customs and law.
Wanted absolute power and believed in Divine Right!
He quickly upset a Parliament grown accustomed under the Tudors that monarch and Parliament ruled England TOGETHER.
He raised taxes without Parliament’s consent!
He is not popular!!!!

7. James I
He alienated the Puritans by his strong defense of the Anglican Church.
Many of England’s rich landowners were Puritans.
These Puritans formed an important and large part of the House of Commons.
It was NOT WISE to alienate them!

8. King James Bible, 1611

9. Gunpowder Plot, 1605
An attempt by some provincial Catholics to kill King James I and most of the Protestant aristocracy.
Blow up the House of Lords during the state opening of Parliament.
Guy Fawkes

10. Gunpowder plot of 1604
A group of Catholic plotters plan to blow up parliament on November 5 when James I and his son Prince Henry and Queen Anne was attending the opening of Parliament
The Plot. A group of Catholic extremists led by Sir Robert Catesby decided that the only hope for their cause lay in killing the king and raising the country in revolt. They hoped that in the confusion following the death of the king and his heir, along with many of the peers of the realm in the House of Lords, that they would be able to put a sympathetic king on the throne and foster a climate of freedom for Catholics. They believed, probably wrongly, that there was adequate public support for their cause.
An anonymous letter reveals the plot
Guy Fawkes is caught in the cellars of the House of Parliament with enough gun powder to blow the place up and along with 4 others, he is executed

11. Charles I & Parliament Constantly at war with Spain and France.
Always need $$$
Usually Parliament would give Charles $$ from taxes to fund his wars.
Sometimes Parliament would deny funds.
In response, Charles would dissolve Parliament and try to rule England without it
Forced “loans,” selling aristocratic titles, etc.

12. The Petition of Rights, 1628
In return for money to fund his wars, Charles I agreed:
No imprisonment without due cause.
No taxation without Parliament’s consent.
No putting soldiers in private homes.
No martial law during peacetime.
Charles signed it, and then ignored it, dissolving Parliament!

13. Quarrels With Parliament
Since Charles I ruled over Scotland AND England, there were several religions
Charles I wanted ONE religion – ended up in Civil War when the Scots rebelled because Charles was forcing the Anglican faith on them.
He needs money to fight the rebellion, Parliament opposes him and passes a law to limit his power
Charles flees to northern England where he raises an army and begins the English Civil War.

14. The Civil War
( )

15. Parliamentarians (Roundheads) Royalists (Cavaliers)
Civil War ( )
Parliamentarians (Roundheads)
Royalists (Cavaliers)
House of Lords
N & W England
Aristocracy
Large landowners
Church officials
More rural
House of Commons
S & E England
Puritans
Merchants
Townspeople
More urban

16. Playskool Version of the English Civil War
Roundheads
Cavaliers

17. Oliver Cromwell [1599-1658] Officer of the Parliamentary army
Led the army that defeated royal forces and now controlled the government.
Cromwell, the fire breathing radical, and the Puritans capture, put Charles I on trial, convict him of treason against Parliament and execute him.

18. The English Civil War: 1642-1645

19. Beheading of Charles I, 1649 The vote by the Parliament was 68-67.
Never before has a reigning monarch been tried and executed

20. The Puritan Commonwealth (1649-1653)
Cromwell abolishes the monarchy and Parliament
Creates a Constitutional Republic
An executive (Cromwell)
He will eventually tear it up and become a military dictator.
Europe is appalled other nations don’t recognize it.

21. Cromwell and the Irish Rebellion
Exiled Catholics to Ireland
Strict Puritan laws passed – theaters closed, Sunday set aside for worship, no lewd dancing, taverns or gambling
Religious freedom for everyone else
Irish Rebel in 1641
- Native Irish Catholics massacre English
& Scottish Protestant settlers in Ireland.
- English troops crush the Irish uprising in
1649; 40 % of Irish killed
- Seizes the land and homes and gives it to
the English soldiers
- During this time the Irish deal with Plague
and famine

22. % Of Land Owned by Catholics in Ireland (in green)

23. Cromwell—Lord Protector or King??
England longs for an end to martial law!
Cromwell dies in 1658 and his son, Richard, takes over, but is weak and lasts for only two years.

24. The Restoration
( )
Parliament could no more exist without the Crown than the Crown without Parliament. This was the most important lesson of the English Civil War!

25. King Charles II ( )
1659- Parliament voted to ask the oldest son of Charles I to rule
Had charm, poise, & political skills [unlike his father!].
Favored religious toleration.
Had secret Catholic sympathies.
Realized that he could not repeat the mistakes his father had made.
Popular Ruler

26. King Charles II (1660-1685) 1679 Habeas Corpus Act
* Any unjustly imprisoned persons could obtain a writ of habeas corpus
compelling the govt. to explain why he had lost his liberty.
Parliament debated who should inherit Charles throne. His brother James was Catholic.
1st Political Parties form
Whigs- opposed James
Tories – Supported James

27. King James II (1685-1688) Charles dies and James becomes King.
Was a convert to Catholicism without any of Charles II’s shrewdness or ability to compromise.
Alienated even the Tories.
Provoked the revolution that Charles II had succeeded in avoiding!

28. King James II ( )
PlacedCatholics into the High Command of both the army and navy and into politics.
Camped a standing army a few miles outside of London.
James wife had a son. Puritans feared a line of Catholic Kings.
Claimed the power to suspend or dispense with Acts of Parliament.
He extended religious toleration of Catholics without Parliament’s approval or support.

29. The “Glorious” Revolution: 1688
Whig & Tory leaders offered the throne jointly to James II’s daughter Mary [raised a Protestant] & her husband, William of Orange (prince of the Netherlands).
* He was a vigorous enemy of Louis XIV.
* He was seen as a champion of the Protestant cause.
William invades and King James II fled to France.

30. English Bill of Rights (1689)
It settled all of the major issues between King & Parliament.
It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of Rights.

31. English Bill of Rights [1689]
Main provisions:
The King could not suspend the operation of laws.
The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of justice.
No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent.
Freedom of speech in Parliament.
Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently.
Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment.
The monarch must be a Protestant.
Freedom from arbitrary arrest.
Censorship of the press was dropped.
Religious toleration.

32. The Seesaw of King & Parliament

33. Limited Monarchy
* The Glorious Revolution did not create democracy, but a type of government called limited monarchy, in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch’s powers.
Cabinet created to help the monarch and Parliament work together.
The leader of the majority party heads the Cabinet and is called the Prime Minister. 33