Urban Models and Hierarchies AP Human Geography Cities and Urban Land Use Unit

For today, 04/26 Urban Model….get it?  Get out your work from yesterday – the illustration and explanation of urban models, applications, etc. Unit Exam and Vocab & Map Exam is on Friday, 04/29.

Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model Ernest Burgess Based his city model on 1920's Chicago * In this model, the city grows out from the CBD in a ring pattern

Harris and Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model * City is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve * Some activities are attracted to particular nodes while others avoid them * Ex: Airport=hotels & warehouses * Ex: University=well- educated residents, book stores and pizza joints

Hoyt’s Sector Model * City grows in a series of sectors * Certain areas are more attractive to certain activities, by environmental factors, or by chance * As a city grows, activities expand in sectors out from the CBD * Industrial and retailing are in sectors by good transportation lines.

Galactic City Model (Urban Realms) * Created by James E. Vance Jr., in the 1960s * Shows the spatial components of a modern metropolis * Each "realm" of the model is separate and used for a different purpose, but are linked together to make one large, fluid city * City modeled by this is automobile- dependent, which enables it to be as large as necessary for that city's purposes.

Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Development Generalization of the growth of US urban systems that occurred in 5 stages: Stage 1: Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830) Stage 2: Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870) Stage 3: Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920) Stage 4: Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1970) Stage 5: Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion Epoch (1970-?)

U.S. Urban Growth Stages: Borchert’s Epochs 8

Latin America

Southeast Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

Applications of the Models They’re models. Not 100% true 100% of the time. No one model is more correct than the other. Effective use of the models depend on the availability of data at the scale of individual neighborhoods 5,000 people census tracts They help us explain where people with different social characteristics tend to live within an urban area. They can help us explain why certain types of people tend to live in particular places.

Burgess’s Concentric Zone Model in Houston

Hoyt’s Sector Model in Houston

Multiple Nuclei Model in Houston

UK vs. US

Rank-Size Rule * The n th-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. * In other words, 2nd largest is 1/2 the size of largest. * Works best in most developed countries that have full distribution of services.

Primate City Rule Paris, France * Largest settlement in a country has more than twice the number as the second ranking city. * These cities tend to represent the perceived culture of the country. * Positives: large market with high order goods, enhanced flow of info & tech * Negatives: unequal investment, wealth, and power; brain drain, prevents equal accessibility to all regions * Most prevalent in LDCs London, UK

The Gravity Model * GM predicts location of a service is: (1.) Directly related to population - higher population = more potential customers (2.) Inversely related to range - farther away = less likely to use * Can also be used to anticipate the traffic between two places, the number of telephone calls, the transportation of goods and mail

Boomburbs aka Boomburgs Boomburbs in Texas: Arlington Carrollton Frisco Garland Grand Prairie Irving Mesquite Plano Population of 100,000 + outside core city 10% + growth rate each census 54 in the U.S. as of 2000 census Concentrated in the South and West

Plano and Frisco are both up there (off screen)