1. Urban Land-Use Theories

2. Concentric zone model 1

3. Urban Land-Use Theories
Concentric Zone Theory
Burgess (1925)
Cities grow outwards from the centre in a series of rings.
Urban primacy is when a country has a primary city that is three or four times larger than any other city in the county. It is common in Latin America (Buenos Aires, Argentina, for example) and can be a problem since so many natural resources are concentrated in one urban area

4. Concentric Zone Theory
Timeframe
1920’s
Class conscious society
Housing segregated according to income
Lack of transport infrastructure
Assumptions
Older buildings in city centre
Newer buildings at edge of city
Land values highest in city centre
Strong economic and ethnic segregation
Low income groups lack transport and live close to city centre.
Cities develop on a flat plain with equal access to transport
Edge cities typically grow on the borders of large urban areas at points near major roads and airports. Edge cities tend to spring up near transportation corridors that allow people to easily commute to nearby cities or travel to faraway cities

6. Problems with Burgess Model
Old
Doesn't consider car ownership
Landscape not considered
Impact that industry and transport could have on land use not considered.
Zones are never as clear-cut

8. Hoyt’s Sector Model
1939
Sectors radiating out from the CBD along transport routes.

9. Sector Theory Timeframe Late 1930’s Income and status divided society
Housing areas reflect social segregation
Assumptions
Settlement develops along transport routes
Towns radiate out from the CBD
Low-income and industrial areas lie next to each other
Wealthy people choose the best sites

10. Hoyt’s theory is based on statistical data, so is less open to the criticism that Burgess received.
The rank-size rule expresses the size of a city as proportionate to another city through a ratio, or a mathematical equation. It is a tool of applied mathematics

11. Burgess – Concentric Zone Hoyt – Sector Model
In central place theory, range, or the maximum distance a consumer will travel to buy a good, is proportional to the cost of obtaining the good. The level of desire or need of consumers to purchase a good determines how far they will travel to purchase it
Burgess – Concentric Zone
Hoyt – Sector Model
Harris and Ullman – Multiple Nuclei

12. Examine briefly one theoretical model which attempts to explain the development of land use zones in a developed world city
The gravity model, used to predict flows of human activity between places, has been criticized for its inability to take into account the evolution of patterns. The gravity model appears static and cannot easily be modified to show how flow patterns evolve

13. Five Concentric Zones 3) Low Income Residential
4) Middle Income Residential
suburban estates- good quality, gardens
5) High Income Residential / Commuter
Small towns and villages
1) Central Business District
2) Transition and Industry
low incomes
oldest housing
ghettos
In a concentric zone model, the zones outside the core are sized according to what people will pay for the land. The sizes of the rings in the concentric zone model are based on people’s demand for land that exists within and outside of the central business district

14. Criticisms of Hoyt’s Theory
Old
Too general
In reality, most zones contain more than one land-use
Doesn't consider the impact of urban renewal schemes
The Hoyt sector model for the growth of cities tends to work when applied to British cities, which grew outward from a central business district along major roads and rail lines

15. Have some relevance
Now due to urban renewal schemes and changes in society, high income residential areas often exist close to the CBD
Modern cities are expanding beyond these models- Urban Sprawl
The simplest form of the gravity model assumes that the interaction between two towns is proportionate to the product of their populations divided by the square of the distance between them

16. Harris and Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Theory – 1945
As an urban area grows, it develops around a number of different business centers or nuclei
Suburban downtowns are nuclei independent of the central business district and have the power to draw residents that live throughout the greater metropolitan area

17. Multiple nuclei model 3

18. Multiple Nuclei Theory
Modern cities more complex than suggested by other theorists
Each nucleus acts as a growth point
Growth occurs outwards from each nucleus, until they all merge into one large urban area
Cities want to motivate employers to create service jobs to replace industrial and manufacturing jobs that have moved to suburban or rural areas

19. Multiple Nuclei Theory
Mixture of Burgess and Hoyt
Shows some land-uses attract more of the same, for example industrial areas
Some land-uses may deter others from locating nearby, eg; housing is usually located away from industrial areas

20. Criticisms of Multiple Nuclei Theory
Not an exact fit for all cities and towns
Too complex