2. Early Cities Urban Hearth Areas –Follows the same pattern as agricultural hearth areas –Areas: Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, Huang He River Valley, Egypt, & MesoAmerica First Urban Revolution –Leadership class developed –Population of cities was 10,000-15,000 Ancient Cities were centers of religion, power & economics

3. Urban Hearths

4. Classical Cities: Athens – population 250,000 A global city, rather than regional Urbanization diffused from Greece Had acropolis & agora Rome Combine acropolis & agora = forum Urban Morphology- form & structure of cities, incl. street patterns, size and shape The Diffusion of Urbanization

5. Medieval Cities Europe – Decreased in size and importance Non- European – thriving

6. Colonial Cities Pre-Colonial –Cities tend to be inland Colonial –Cities on coast Gateway Cities – “serve as a link between one country or region and others because of their physical situation” (Knox 400)

7. Industrialization Second Urban Revolution prompted by second revolution in agriculture Increased urbanization Location choice based solely on power source

8. Industrialization- Shock Cities Manchester, England 175015,000 180170,000 1861500,000 19112,300,000 Chicago 185030,000 1880500,000 19001,700,000 19303,300,000

9. Shock City Rapid economic and socio-cultural changes, population growth

10. U.S. Urban Growth Stages

11. Borchert’s Epoch of Urbanization 1 st Sail and Wagon 2 nd Steamboat and short haul railroad 3 rd 1870 – 1920 Long haul railroad 4 th 1920+ automobile, air, and amenities (places with value based on beauty not resources)

12. Bid-Rent Theory Multiplier Effect

13. Gravity Model Predicts the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it Threshold – number of people needed Range – distance willing to travel Hinterland (market area) – area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted

14. Central Place Theory by Walter Christaller in the 1930’s Assumed –region would be flat with no physical barriers –Soil fertility would be equal –Power and purchasing power would be even Utilizes hexagons, rather than circles Studies confirm the distribution of cities, towns, & villages are tied to trade areas, population size and distance

15. Central Place Theory C = city T = town V = village H = hamlet

16. Models of Internal Structure of Cities Burgess HoytHarris & Ullman

18. The Peripheral Model Created by Chauncey Harris Urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road Around beltway are nodes of consumer & businesses – edge cities Edge Cities started out as suburb residences that gained shopping malls then manufacturing & business parks

19. Peripheral Model (contemporary) Edge cities (CBDs on Metro fringe)

20. De BlijGriffin-FordMcGee

21. Colonial City Fort European Town Native town

22. Western European City

23. Eastern European City Budapest, Hungary

24. Megalopolis / Conurbation Urbanization, counterurbanization Reurbanization, gentrification Basic and nonbasic (service) sector of the economy

25. Rank-size Rule Primate City World Cities Megacities Overurbanization Squatter settlements

26. You can even bring in the DTM as a way to look at the historical development of urbanization and its effects on nations or the different population distributions in different neighborhoods within a city. –Sarah Bednarz