The Tide of the War Turns Chapter 17 1863-1865

1. Emancipation Proclamation To understand the reasons for the call for emancipation To identify the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation To analyze the response to the proclamation To describe the role of African-American soldiers in the war

Calls for Emancipation Abolitionists urge Lincoln to end slavery Criticisms of Lincoln ranged Lincoln did not want the issue of slavery to further divide the country By the summer 1862 time had come Lincoln simply waited for the right moment After the Battle of Antietam, Congress was ready to listen to any new idea What was Lincoln’s first priority throughout the war?

The Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 the Emancipation Proclamation was issued. It had a huge public impact…but freed very few slaves Slave holdings only in the south were targeted by the proclamation Why target only the South? The power to act Constitution vs Commander-in-Chief Asked Congress for aid over time Why did Lincoln free slaves only in the South?

Response to the Proclamation “We shout for joy that we live to record this righteous decree,” Frederick Douglass Still many believed Lincoln had not gone far enough Northern Democrats claimed that the proclamation would worsen the war Army mostly responded positively to the issue White southerners were enraged…runaways would increase and volunteers would increase in the north Compare the reactions of Union soldiers and white Southerners?

African-American Soldiers Black enrollment in the army was now legal Many believed that service was the best way for African-Americans to prove their citizenship At the start of the war only a couple of regiments existed, by war’s end about 180,000 black soldiers were in the north. Army life was that much harder for African-Americans Worse jobs, and being paid less did not stop them How did the E.P. affect African-American enlistment?

The 54th Massachusetts More than a couple regiments refused to be paid One of the first African-American regiments, the 54th, became famous during the Civil War The 54th made their name at the battle of Fort Wagner Their courage made them a household name in the north The risks were just as high or higher for free-black soldiers Death or enslavement…

2. War Affects Society To analyze discontent with the war To explain anger over the draft laws To identify the economic effects of the war and resistance by enslaved Americans To describe how women aided in the war effort and to evaluate conditions in Northern and Southern prison camps

Disagreement about the War People were growing tired of the War Troubles are brewing in the South Riots break out in cities in the South, even Richmond In 1863, nearly 40% of soldiers would leave the army State rights were interfering with the Confederacy’s ability to wage war No picnic in the North either Copperheads, Northern Democrats that favored peace with the South, lead opposition Habeas Corpus would be suspended Why were people arrested in the North?

The Draft Laws Both the North and South would start Conscription South would start a draft in 1862, but by 1863 all white men between 18-45 were required to enlist Exceptions: Planters with 20 or more slaves or wealthy men that could afford up to $6000 for a substitutes North would try to keep draftees down in the North by offering a bounty of $300 for volunteers New York draft riots 4 days of death (100) and destruction How did the different drafts create divisions amongst the people?

Economic Effects of the War Food shortages would become common place, especially in the South Most soldiers were farmers Army needs trumped civilian Inflation – food cost 6.65 to $68 1863. 9000 % increase North had a stronger economy to combat inflation Northern industry would change the US Income taxes 1861 would increase the value of greenbacks Greenbacks were a new currency that helped stabilize the North’s economy

Resistance by Slaves Though many slaves were not freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, resistance would increase Slow work, Sabotage, destroying crops and farm equipment Most slaves would refuse to flee from Union troops By the end of the war more than ½ a million would run away to the North Why would Union soldiers begin to label runaway slaves as contraband?

Women aid the War Effort Both in the North and South women had to fulfill more roles All jobs, outside of the military, were fair game Relief agencies would organize women to wash clothing, gather supplies, and cook for soldiers Dorothea Dix would lead 3000 female nurses Northern and Southern Spies Belle Boyd proved that pillow talk was dangerous Arrested 6 times Continued to give messages from prison

Civil War Prison Camps North or South, Prison Camps were slow ways to die Elmira, New York – Winters would claim the life of 24% of the 12,121 Prisoners Andersonville, Georgia – built for 10,000 housed 33,000 Walt Whitman, “Can those be men?”

The North Wins To evaluate the importance of the Battle of Gettysburg To evaluate the importance of the siege of Vicksburg and Sherman’s march to the coast To trace the Virginia campaign to Appomattox To describe the surrender at Appomattox

The Road to Gettysburg September 1862: After Antietam, McClellan is replaced by Ambrose Burnside McClellan will run against Lincoln in 1864 election At the battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, Burnside loses 12,600 Union soldiers Burnside is replaced by Joseph Hooker, he loses against Lee in May at Chancellor, VA General Hooker loses but Lee loses Stonewall McClellan-Burnside-Hooker-Meade…

The Battle of Gettysburg July 1st -3rd Gen. Meade & 90,000 Union Troops Gen. Lee & 75,000 Confederates Cemetery Ridge Pickett’s Charge No counter attack Union lose 23,000 Rebels lose 28,000

Siege of Vicksburg Vicksburg was the last major Southern stronghold on the Mississippi Grant would try to attack head but it would fail, so instead he would lay siege to it The Confederates would be starved out The fall of Vicksburg fulfilled a major part of the Anaconda Plan Lincoln would appoint Grant head of the Union Army

Sherman’s Total War General William Tecumseh Sherman Led the southern assault, while Grant pursued Lee Sherman would take Atlanta, and carve a path of destruction 60 miles wide and 300 miles long Lincoln needed the success of Sherman to help him run for re-election

Grant’s Virginia Campaign Sherman would turn north after taking Savannah His goal was to meet with Grant Grant is busy attacking Lee Battle of the Wilderness, May 1864, 17,000 Union dead Cold Harbor, June 1864, 7,000 Union Dead Petersburg, June 1864-April 1865, about 70,000 total Richmond falls April 3rd 1865

Surrender at Appomattox General Lee flees Richmond hoping to get some breathing room By April 9th, 1865, Lee will send a rider to arrange his surrender Lee and Grant would meet at a small town called Appomattox Court House. Terms were offered and agreed on

The Legacy of the War To analyze the economic, physical, and emotional costs of the Civil War To explain the significance of the Thirteenth Amendment To describe the events related to President Lincoln’s assassination To summarize the consequences of the Civil War

Costs of the War Lincoln hoped to heal the nation, by bringing the south back into the Union quickly Hard feelings on both sides would slow the process Between 620,000-780,000 soldiers died Low end estimates: 360,000 Union/260,000 Confederates Wounded 275,000 Union/260,000 Confederates Around 3 million soldiers total, about 10% of the population Federal Debt at the end of the war was around 2.7 Billion

The Thirteenth Amendment As Union soldiers pushed through the south, millions of slaves would be freed The Emancipation Proclamation would be read to gathered slaves throughout the southern states Slavery still existed in the border states, so Pres. Lincoln tried to pass an amendment Thirteenth Amendment would be passed Jan. 1865 Freeing all slaves, and banning it in the United States

Lincoln’s Assassination Lincoln would not live to see the end of slavery Five days after Appomattox, John Wilkes Booth, would assassinate the President On the same day, Secretary of State William Seward would be stabbed One accomplice would fail to carry out an attack on V.P. Johnson

Consequences of the War The North no longer saw the country as group of states working together, rather one nation. No longer “the United States are” but rather “the United States is” Federal Government grew larger Northern economy had also changed, industry had begun to replace farming The South’s economy was destroyed from 30% of the nation’s wealth to 12%