1. The Tide of the War Turns
Chapter 17

2. 1. Emancipation Proclamation
To understand the reasons for the call for emancipation
To identify the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation
To analyze the response to the proclamation
To describe the role of African-American soldiers in the war

3. Calls for Emancipation
Abolitionists urge Lincoln to end slavery
Criticisms of Lincoln ranged
Lincoln did not want the issue of slavery to further divide the country
By the summer 1862 time had come
Lincoln simply waited for the right moment
After the Battle of Antietam, Congress was ready to listen to any new idea
What was Lincoln’s first priority throughout the war?

4. The Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863 the Emancipation Proclamation was issued.
It had a huge public impact…but freed very few slaves
Slave holdings only in the south were targeted by the proclamation
Why target only the South?
The power to act
Constitution vs Commander-in-Chief
Asked Congress for aid over time
Why did Lincoln free slaves only in the South?

5. Response to the Proclamation
“We shout for joy that we live to record this righteous decree,” Frederick Douglass
Still many believed Lincoln had not gone far enough
Northern Democrats claimed that the proclamation would worsen the war
Army mostly responded positively to the issue
White southerners were enraged…runaways would increase and volunteers would increase in the north
Compare the reactions of Union soldiers and white Southerners?

6. African-American Soldiers
Black enrollment in the army was now legal
Many believed that service was the best way for African-Americans to prove their citizenship
At the start of the war only a couple of regiments existed, by war’s end about 180,000 black soldiers were in the north.
Army life was that much harder for African-Americans
Worse jobs, and being paid less did not stop them
How did the E.P. affect African-American enlistment?

7. The 54th Massachusetts More than a couple regiments refused to be paid
One of the first African-American regiments, the 54th, became famous during the Civil War
The 54th made their name at the battle of Fort Wagner
Their courage made them a household name in the north
The risks were just as high or higher for free-black soldiers
Death or enslavement…

8. 2. War Affects Society To analyze discontent with the war
To explain anger over the draft laws
To identify the economic effects of the war and resistance by enslaved Americans
To describe how women aided in the war effort and to evaluate conditions in Northern and Southern prison camps

9. Disagreement about the War
People were growing tired of the War
Troubles are brewing in the South
Riots break out in cities in the South, even Richmond
In 1863, nearly 40% of soldiers would leave the army
State rights were interfering with the Confederacy’s ability to wage war
No picnic in the North either
Copperheads, Northern Democrats that favored peace with the South, lead opposition
Habeas Corpus would be suspended
Why were people arrested in the North?

10. The Draft Laws Both the North and South would start Conscription
South would start a draft in 1862, but by 1863 all white men between were required to enlist
Exceptions: Planters with 20 or more slaves or wealthy men that could afford up to $6000 for a substitutes
North would try to keep draftees down in the North by offering a bounty of $300 for volunteers
New York draft riots
4 days of death (100) and destruction
How did the different drafts create divisions amongst the people?

11. Economic Effects of the War
Food shortages would become common place, especially in the South
Most soldiers were farmers
Army needs trumped civilian
Inflation – food cost 6.65 to $ % increase
North had a stronger economy to combat inflation
Northern industry would change the US
Income taxes 1861 would increase the value of greenbacks
Greenbacks were a new currency that helped stabilize the North’s economy

12. Resistance by Slaves
Though many slaves were not freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, resistance would increase
Slow work, Sabotage, destroying crops and farm equipment
Most slaves would refuse to flee from Union troops
By the end of the war more than ½ a million would run away to the North
Why would Union soldiers begin to label runaway slaves as contraband?

13. Women aid the War Effort
Both in the North and South women had to fulfill more roles
All jobs, outside of the military, were fair game
Relief agencies would organize women to wash clothing, gather supplies, and cook for soldiers
Dorothea Dix would lead 3000 female nurses
Northern and Southern Spies
Belle Boyd proved that pillow talk was dangerous
Arrested 6 times
Continued to give messages from prison

14. Civil War Prison Camps
North or South, Prison Camps were slow ways to die
Elmira, New York – Winters would claim the life of 24% of the 12,121 Prisoners
Andersonville, Georgia – built for 10,000 housed 33,000
Walt Whitman, “Can those be men?”

15. The North Wins To evaluate the importance of the Battle of Gettysburg
To evaluate the importance of the siege of Vicksburg and Sherman’s march to the coast
To trace the Virginia campaign to Appomattox
To describe the surrender at Appomattox

16. The Road to Gettysburg
September 1862: After Antietam, McClellan is replaced by Ambrose Burnside
McClellan will run against Lincoln in 1864 election
At the battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, Burnside loses 12,600 Union soldiers
Burnside is replaced by Joseph Hooker, he loses against Lee in May at Chancellor, VA
General Hooker loses but Lee loses Stonewall
McClellan-Burnside-Hooker-Meade…

17. The Battle of Gettysburg
July 1st -3rd
Gen. Meade & 90,000 Union Troops
Gen. Lee & 75,000 Confederates
Cemetery Ridge
Pickett’s Charge
No counter attack
Union lose 23,000
Rebels lose 28,000

18. Siege of Vicksburg
Vicksburg was the last major Southern stronghold on the Mississippi
Grant would try to attack head but it would fail, so instead he would lay siege to it
The Confederates would be starved out
The fall of Vicksburg fulfilled a major part of the Anaconda Plan
Lincoln would appoint Grant head of the Union Army

19. Sherman’s Total War General William Tecumseh Sherman
Led the southern assault, while Grant pursued Lee
Sherman would take Atlanta, and carve a path of destruction 60 miles wide and 300 miles long
Lincoln needed the success of Sherman to help him run for re-election

20. Grant’s Virginia Campaign
Sherman would turn north after taking Savannah
His goal was to meet with Grant
Grant is busy attacking Lee
Battle of the Wilderness, May 1864, 17,000 Union dead
Cold Harbor, June 1864, 7,000 Union Dead
Petersburg, June 1864-April 1865, about 70,000 total
Richmond falls April 3rd 1865

21. Surrender at Appomattox
General Lee flees Richmond hoping to get some breathing room
By April 9th, 1865, Lee will send a rider to arrange his surrender
Lee and Grant would meet at a small town called Appomattox Court House.
Terms were offered and agreed on

22. The Legacy of the War
To analyze the economic, physical, and emotional costs of the Civil War
To explain the significance of the Thirteenth Amendment
To describe the events related to President Lincoln’s assassination
To summarize the consequences of the Civil War

23. Costs of the War
Lincoln hoped to heal the nation, by bringing the south back into the Union quickly
Hard feelings on both sides would slow the process
Between 620, ,000 soldiers died
Low end estimates: 360,000 Union/260,000 Confederates
Wounded 275,000 Union/260,000 Confederates
Around 3 million soldiers total, about 10% of the population
Federal Debt at the end of the war was around 2.7 Billion

24. The Thirteenth Amendment
As Union soldiers pushed through the south, millions of slaves would be freed
The Emancipation Proclamation would be read to gathered slaves throughout the southern states
Slavery still existed in the border states, so Pres. Lincoln tried to pass an amendment
Thirteenth Amendment would be passed Jan. 1865
Freeing all slaves, and banning it in the United States

25. Lincoln’s Assassination
Lincoln would not live to see the end of slavery
Five days after Appomattox, John Wilkes Booth, would assassinate the President
On the same day, Secretary of State William Seward would be stabbed
One accomplice would fail to carry out an attack on V.P. Johnson

26. Consequences of the War
The North no longer saw the country as group of states working together, rather one nation.
No longer “the United States are” but rather “the United States is”
Federal Government grew larger
Northern economy had also changed, industry had begun to replace farming
The South’s economy was destroyed from 30% of the nation’s wealth to 12%