Classification of Organisms It’s always changing!!!!

Taxonomy The science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms

How Did We Get Our Modern System of Classification?

Binomial Nomenclature A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish biologist in the 1700s Approach has been universally adopted The organism’s “scientific name”

Genus & Species A level of classification that comes after family and that contains similar species The first word in the scientific name Capitalized The second word (the species name) Lowercased Homo sapiens

Family Similar genera Hominidae (Great Apes)

Order A grouping of similar families Primates

Class A grouping of orders with common properties Mammalia

Phylum Classes with similar characteristics Chordata (subphylum: Vertebrata)

Kingdom Similar phyla grouped together Animalia

Domain Largest and most inclusive taxonomic category Similar kingdoms grouped together 3 domains Archaea (prokaryotes) Bacteria (prokaryotes) Eukarya (4 kingdoms of eukaryotes)

Domain

Domain

Domain Archaea (prokaryotes) Bacteria (prokaryotes) Kingdom Archaebacteria Live in extreme environments: volcanic hot springs, brine pools, black organic mud Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan (murein): made of sugars and amino acids Bacteria (prokaryotes) Kingdom Eubacteria Free-living soil organisms to deadly parasites Cell wall contains peptidoglycan

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

How Do I Remember It All? Do Kindly Pay Cash Or Furnish Good Security Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup Did Kermit Puke Cookies On Fozzie's Green Sweater? Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Biological Species A group of organisms that can reproduce only among themselves and that are usually contained in a geographic region

Convergent Evolution The process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment

Analogous Characters Similarities that arise through convergent evolution

Phylogeny The evolutionary history of a species or taxonomic group Discovered through molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices

Cladistics A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa Example: birds and mammals: a backbone is an ancestral character feathers are a derived character

Cladogram A diagram that is based on patterns of shared, derived traits and that shows the evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms