1. Classifying Organisms
Section 1 Biodiversity
Chapter 17
Classifying Organisms
Naturalists have invented several systems for categorizing biodiversity, which is the variety of organisms considered at all levels from populations to ecosystems.

2. Section 1 Biodiversity
Chapter 17
Taxonomy
Naturalists replaced Aristotle’s classification system because it did not adequately cover all organisms and because his use of common names was problematic.
Taxonomy is the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms.
A taxon is any group within a taxonomic system.
Aristotle had a 2 taxa system - plants and animals.

3. Chapter 17 Taxonomy, continued The Linnaean System
Section 1 Biodiversity
Chapter 17
Taxonomy, continued
The Linnaean System
Carolus Linnaeus devised a seven-level (now 8-level) hierarchical system for classifying organisms according to their form and structure.
From the most general to the most specific,the levels are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,genus, and species.
All scientific names are in Greek because everyone around the world will know the name. Common names are unique to areas, but the scientific name is universal.

4. Classification Hierarchy of Organisms
Section 1 Biodiversity
Chapter 17
Classification Hierarchy of Organisms
Dear King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghetti
Make up a mnemonic device on your own. (school appropriate)

5. Levels of Classification
Section 1 Biodiversity
Chapter 17
Levels of Classification
Binomial Nomenclature
An important part of Linnaeus’s system was assigning each species a two-part scientific name—a genus name, such as Homo, and a species identifier, such as sapiens.
Notice how both words are in italics and the first work is capitalized and the second is lowercase.
This system of a two-part name is known as binomial nomenclature.

6. Section 2 Systematics
Chapter 17
Phylogenetics - the analysis of evolutionary/ ancestral relationships among taxa
A modern approach to taxonomy is systematics, which analyzes the diversity of organisms in the context of their natural relationships.
When classifying organisms, scientists consider fossils, homologous features, embryos, chromosomes, and the sequences of proteins and DNA.
A phylogenetic diagram displays how closely related a subset of taxa are thought to be.

7. Chapter 17 Phylogeny Section 2 Systematics
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

8. Phylogenetics, continued
Section 2 Systematics
Chapter 17
Phylogenetics, continued
Evidence of Shared Ancestry
Homologous features as well as similarities in patterns of embryological development provide information about common ancestry.
Cladistics uses shared, derived characters as the only criterion for grouping taxa.

9. Cladogram: Major Groups of Plants
Section 2 Systematics
Chapter 17
Cladogram: Major Groups of Plants

10. Chapter 17 Cladistics, continued Molecular Cladistics
Section 2 Systematics
Chapter 17
Cladistics, continued
Molecular Cladistics
information on evolutionary relationships.
Molecular similarities (such as similar amino acid or nucleotide sequences), as well as chromosome comparisons, can help determine common ancestry.
Chromosomes
Analyzing karyotypes can provide more information on evolutionary relationships.

11. Similarities in Amino Acid Sequences
Section 2 Systematics
Chapter 17
Similarities in Amino Acid Sequences

12. Chapter 17 Cladistics Section 2 Systematics
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

13. Phylogenetic Diagram of Mammals
Section 2 Systematics
Chapter 17
Phylogenetic Diagram of Mammals

14. Chapter 17 The Tree of Life Revising the Tree
Section 3 Modern Classification
Chapter 17
The Tree of Life
Revising the Tree
The phylogenetic analysis of rRNA nucleotide sequences by Carol Woese led to a new “tree of life” consisting of three domains aligned with six kingdoms.
The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

16. Chapter 17 Three Domains of Life Domain Bacteria
Section 3 Modern Classification
Chapter 17
Three Domains of Life
Domain Bacteria
Domain Bacteria aligns with Kingdom Eubacteria, which consists of single-celled prokaryotes that are true bacteria.
Domain Archaea
Domain Archaea aligns with Kingdom Archaebacteria, which consists of single-celled prokaryotes that have distinctive cell membranes and cell walls.
Domain Eukarya
Domain Eukarya includes the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
All members of this domain have eukaryotic cells.

17. Phylogenetic Diagram of Major Groups of Organisms
Section 3 Modern Classification
Chapter 17
Phylogenetic Diagram of Major Groups of Organisms

18. Section 3 Modern Classification
Chapter 17
Six Kingdoms

19. Kingdom and Domain Characteristics
Section 3 Modern Classification
Chapter 17
Kingdom and Domain Characteristics