What is an atom? An atom is the smallest component of all living and nonliving materials. It is composed of protons (+), neutrons (0), and electrons (-).

The Periodic Table Elements are composed of all of one type of atom. Elements are located on the periodic table by atomic number. Important Elements: H-Hydrogen, C-Carbon, O-Oxygen, N-Nitrogen, S-Sulfur, Cl-Chlorine, and P-Phosphorus

What is a compound? A compound is a combination of two or more elements. All compounds are also molecules. A subscript indicates how many atoms of each element there are. Ex: H2O 2 Hydrogen 1 Oxygen

Check for understanding: Ex: Glucose C6H12O6 Is glucose an atom, element, or compound? What elements are found in glucose? How many of each atom are there?

Inorganic vs. Organic Living organisms need both organic and inorganic compounds! Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon and hydrogen together. They may contain carbon but no hydrogen or vice versa. Ex: CO2, H2O, NaCl (salt), and many acids and bases.

Inorganic vs. Organic Organic compounds do contain carbon and hydrogen together. Ex: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins (enzymes), and Nucleic Acids

Why is carbon so important?

Why is carbon so important?

Check for understanding: Identify the following molecules as inorganic or organic. Be prepared to explain how you know.

Inorganic or Organic?

H2SO4 Inorganic or Organic?

Inorganic or Organic?

Inorganic or Organic?

CH4 Inorganic or Organic?

Important Inorganic Compounds Water Organisms are composed of 80-90% water. It is used regulate temperature in humans, and used to dissolve important minerals. Most abundant or common inorganic molecule!

Important Inorganic Compounds Salts Salts are partially composed of metals. They help electrical impulses travel through vertebrate organisms. Ex: NaCl-Sodium (Na) is a metal!!

Important Inorganic Compounds Acids and Bases (pH) It is important to maintain pH in certain parts of the body for them to function properly.. Ex: Your stomach needs to be acidic to digest food. Your blood must be neutral because it travels through the entire body.

pH (Power of Hydrogen) Acids have a pH between 0-6. They have a high concentration of H+ ions. Ex: HCl Bases have a pH between 8-14. They have a high concentration of OH- ions. Ex: NaOH Neutral solutions have a pH of 7.

Buffers Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a certain range. Maintain pH!

pH Scale Neutral Acids Bases 7 14

pH Virtual Lab In your notebook, draw the following chart. Solution pH (estimate) pH Acid/Neutral/Base 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_labs/E22/E22.html

Organic Macromolecules

What is a macromolecule? Living organisms are partially made of large organic molecules. Monomers → Polymers (macromolecules) ****Monomers are subunits or building blocks of polymers. Ex: Bead = monomer Necklace = polymer/macromolecule ***Now come up with your own!!

Carbohydrates Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (usually in a ration of 1:2:1) Examples: Glucose (C6H12O6), bread, pasta, fruit, and sugars. Monomers: Monosaccharides Polymers: Disaccharides & Polysaccharides Function: Immediate energy

Three Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides-simple sugars like glucose, galactose, or fructose. Disaccharides-sugars composed of two monosaccharides like sucrose, maltose, and lactose. Polysaccharides-complex sugars. (3 or more monosaccharides put together.)

Important polysaccharides: Glycogen- Animals store excess carbs in the liver and muscle as glycogen. Starch- Plants store excess carbs as starches, usually in the roots. Cellulose- Plants use cellulose to build cell walls for support/structure.

Carbohydrates Structure Monosaccharides: Disaccharides: Polysaccharides: Glucose

Check for understanding: What type of carbohydrate is the following molecule?

Lipids Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Examples: Fats, oil, waxes, phospholipids, triglycerides, and butter. Made up of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids. (Not true monomers bc they don’t repeat.)

Structure of a Lipid/Triglyceride 3 Fatty Acids Glycerol

Lipids cont’d Functions: Long term energy storage. Make up cell membranes (phospholipids) Insulation in animals (ex: blubber) Waterproof coating -In water dwelling animals -Cuticle in plants to keep in water. Steroids-are chemical messengers.

Properties of Lipids Lipids are not soluble in water b/c they do not mix with H2O. Lipids can be saturated or unsaturated. (saturated= solid, unsaturated= liquid) Ex: saturated-butter unsaturated-olive oil

Nucleic Acids Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Monomers: Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base) *Diagram on next slide-leave room Polymers: Nucleic Acids (ex: DNA & RNA) Functions: Store and transmit genetic information (heredity). Instructions for making proteins.

Structure of a nucleotide: Phosphate Nitrogen Base Sugar

Two Types of Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)- contains the sugar deoxyribose and is double stranded. Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)-contains the sugar ribose and is single stranded. Bases: Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

Nucleotide DNA

Proteins Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Examples: fish, meats, and eggs Monomers: Amino Acids joined by a peptide bond (*20 different amino acids) Polymers: Proteins AKA polypeptide

Proteins cont’d... Functions: Some are used to form bones and muscles. Lots of different functions, bc of the 20 different amino acids being organized in different ways!!!! Proteins cont’d... Functions: Some are used to form bones and muscles. Act as enzymes: control the rate of reactions. Transport materials ex: Protein channels of cell membrane (transport) Hemoglobin-carries oxygen in the blood Insulin-regulates blood sugar levels Regulate cell processes Ex: Hormones

Protein Structure Amino Acid Amino Acid Peptide Bond

Indicators Indicators are used to identify if a solution contains a macromolecule (carbs, lipid, or protein). It will change color to represent a positive result!

Indicators cont’d... Carbohydrates Benedict's Solution: Tests for monosaccharides (Ex: Glucose) Light blue to an orange/green color *Put in warm water! 2. Iodine/Lugol's Solution: Test for complex polysaccharides (Ex: Starch) Amber/yellow color to blackish blue

Indicators cont’d... Proteins 3. Biuret’s Solution: Blue to a purple color Lipids 4. Brown Paper Bag Test: Leaves a greasy stain on the bag after drying. *No test for nucleic acids!

Indicators cont’d... Iodine/Lugol’s Benedict’s Brown Paper Bag Biuret’s