1. The building blocks of life.
Macromolecules
The building blocks of life.

2. Warm-up What elements do the symbols C, H, O, and N represent?
With your partner, list as many things as you can that contain each element. Include both living and nonliving things.

3. Vocabulary Polymer Monomer Hydrolysis Dehydration synthesis
Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Nucleic acid
Monosaccharide
Amino acid
Glycerol
Fatty acid
nucleotide

4. Energy!
When animals consume food, their bodies break down that food into smaller parts.
This is a chemical process.
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions in the cell.

5. Bonding Review – Don’t write this down!
What part of atoms are involved in bonding?
Valence electrons: the outermost electrons on an atom.
What makes an atom stable?
Having a “full” outer shell.
This means giving away, gaining, or sharing valence e- with other atoms.

6. Bonding Review – Don’t write this down!
How many valence electrons does chlorine (Cl) have? 7
How many does it need to have a “full” outer shell?
1 (it needs a total of 8)

7. Bonding Review – Don’t write this down!
How many valence e- an atom needs to gain or lose is represented by the oxidation number.
Chlorine needs to gain 1 e-.
This gives Cl a negative charge. -1 Cl

8. Bonding Review – Don’t write this down!
You can use the oxidation number to predict the chemical formula for each compound. -1 +1
NaCl Na Cl + 1 2 Cl Mg - Mg + Cl +

9. Macromolecules Natural polymers Found in the food we eat.
Important for the structure and function of living things.
Organic molecules
Containing carbon
Does not include carbon gases (CO2 , CN, etc.)
4 major types
Carbohydrates, protein, lipids, nucleic acids

10. Carbohydrates Function: Elements: Monomers:
Daily energy supply (4 cal/g)
Short term energy
Some cell structures
Elements:
C, H, O
H and O are always in a 2:1 ratio
Monomers:
Simple sugars
Glucose, fructose, galactose

11. Carbohydrates Simple carbs Complex carbs Glucose, fructose, galactose
(2 simple sugars bonded together) Lactose, maltose, sucrose
Complex carbs
Polymer (3 or more simple sugars bonded together)
Starch: plants use for storage
Glycogen: animals stored carbs (liver & muscles)
Cellulose: makes up the cell walls of plants
Chitin: makes up the exoskeleton of insects, lobsters, etc.

12. Proteins Function: Elements: Monomers: (4 cal/g)
structure – cell membrane
Carry out specific tasks in the body
Enzymes, hormones, hemoglobin, antibodies, hair, fingernails, etc.
Elements:
C, H, O, N
Monomers: (4 cal/g)
Amino acids
20 different kinds
Sequence determines function of protein
If only one is out of sequence, the protein doesn’t “work”

13. Proteins Simple proteins Complex proteins
Dipeptide (2 amino acids bonded together)
Complex proteins
Polypeptide (3 or more amino acids bonded together)
Enzymes: “help” chemical reactions in the body happen faster
Hormones: send “signals” to different parts of the body
Hemoglobin: carries oxygen throughout the body
Antibodies: “mark” foreign cells/organisms for destruction by immune system.

14. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)
Function:
Long-term energy storage (9 cal/g)
Insulation
Structure of cell membrane
Elements:
C, H, O
Ratio of H to O is greater than 2:1
Monomers:
Fatty acids (long chains of carbon & hydrogen)
Glycerol (connected to fatty acids)

15. Lipids (fats, waxes, oils)
Polymer
Diglyceride: one glycerol & 2 fatty acids
Triglyceride: one glycerol & 3 fatty acids

16. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)
Saturated fatty acids
Single bonds between carbons mean there are many hydrogens
Solid at room temperature
Found mostly in animals
Exception: palm oil & coconut oil

17. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)
Unsaturated fatty acids
double bonds between at least one pair of carbons mean there are less hydrogens
Liquid at room temperature
Found mostly in plants
Exception: fish oil

18. Lipids (fats, waxes, oils)
Examples:
Phospholipids: component of cell membranes
Waxes: protects & lubricates cells
Steroids: structure of cell (cholesterol)

19. Nucleic Acids Function: Elements: Monomers:
Store & transmit genetic information
Elements:
C, H, O, N, P
Monomers:
Nucleotides
5 types
Adenine, thymine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

20. Nucleic Acids DNA RNA Double Stranded Single Stranded Phosphate group
Deoxyribose 5 carbon sugar
Ribose (5 carbon sugar)
4 nucleotide base pairs:
Guanine – Cytosine
Adenine – Thymine
4 nucleotide base pairs:
Guanine – Cytosine
Adenine – Uracil

21. Nucleic Acids

22. Macromolecules Project
Make a pop-up book describing each of the four major molecules: Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
On the carbs “page” you need to include:
Title (name of the molecule)
Elements contained in the molecule
Function of carbs
Type of food carbs are found in
Diagram of monomers
Diagram of a polymer