Good afternoon! Pick up the paper from the stool! Sit down quietly. FrFr… Seriously. Now. Sit down.

How we got here Remember during this time Land=Power Middle Ages—Church is most powerful Why? Provides organization and security Rulers start to “question” Pope’s Authority

The Church Hierarchy The Papacy Pope Cardinals Bishops Upper clergy Priests, Monks, Nuns -- the lower clergy 3

Church Hierarchy In the church, power was based on status. Pope- In charge of all things spiritual in a Kingdom. He heads the Church. Clergy- were religious officials, i.e. bishops and priests, that were headed by the Pope Bishops supervise priests. They also settle disputes over teachings and practices of the Church

Monasteries, Convents and Manuscripts To adapt to rural conditions, the Church built religious communities called monasteries. There, Christian men called monks gave up their private possessions and devoted their lives to serving God. Women who did the same were referred to as nuns and lived in convents

The Church taught that: All people were sinners and dependent on God’s grace. To get grace one had to take part in sacraments (important religious ceremonies) . i.e. baptism, confirmation, marriage etc. These rites paved the way for achieving salvation 7

Role of Church Since there were no strong empires or kingdoms the Church was one organization that had respect and power. Popes were more powerful than kings!

Power of the Church Church helped govern western Europe. 1. had it’s own courts and laws Canon Law- the body of laws governing the religious practices of a Christian church. All Medieval Christians, kings and peasants where subject to it. 2. Disobedience to church laws had severe penalties. Excommunication- a person is denied salvation. Interdict- sacraments and religious services could not be performed in that king’s land. 9

Time out Why did medieval peasants support the Church? How did Pope’s actually have more power than Kings/Emperors? Can a Pope excommunicate a King?

Lay Investiture Practice of lay ( non-clergy; like a King or noble) official investing (bestowing) a Church title on someone. Lay Investiture- a ceremony in which kings, and nobles appointed church officials(i.e a bishop) Why would the Pope’s not like this? 11

Problems Between Pope and Emperor 1075- Pope Gregory VII -bans lay investiture Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor) refuses to stop the practice Henry with help of Bishops he appointed orders Pope to step down Pope excommunicates Henry I Lay Investiture: a practice which allowed a lay person to bestow church offices on clergy Henry calls the Pope a “false monk” Pope excommunicates Henry Popular opinion is with the Pope 1077 Henry goes to Canossa, Italy to beg forgiveness of the Pope Henry stood by the gate in the cold and snow for 3 days Pope pardons Henry Investiture issue still unresolved 12

German princes and bishops side with pope therefore, Henry crosses Alps to arrive at Canossa, Italy to ask forgiveness which he knew would be granted. After three days the pope finally ended the excommunication but Henry returned home to punish the rebellious nobles. 13

Concordat of Worms In 1122, representatives of the Church and the emperor met in the German city of Worms. They reached a compromise called the Concordat of Worms- the church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment.

Problems in the Church Many Village priests married and had families, such marriages were against church rulings. Bishops sold positions in the church, a practice called Simony. Using the practice of lay investiture, kings appointed church bishops, church reformers believed the church alone should appoint bishops

Cathedrals Cathedrals were built in city areas, it was viewed as a representation of god Gothic style- characterized by the use of pointed arches, high ceilings, stained glass windows to bring light into the cathedrals.

Gothic Style Sagrada De Familia 1882-2025?

Vocab Connections sheet Gothic Architecture, cathedrals King Henry IV, Lay Investiture Simony, canon law