1. We have seen the first picture in a previous lesson
We have seen the first picture in a previous lesson. Compare and contrast what you see and reflect on what each picture says about the times these pictures are depicting and what this also may say about the societies represented.

2. The Church and the Middle Ages
Aim: How did the Catholic Church gain power during the Middle Ages?
Do Now: Why do you believe the Church became so influential in the Middle Ages? Explain your answer.

3. The Church’s Power Grows
* As Europe experienced a lack of a strong, central government, the feudal system provided some political stability.
* The Catholic Church also provided stability during the Middle Ages.
* The Church appealed to people of all social classes.

4. Church Structure v. Roman Empire Structure
CATHOLIC CHURCH
Clergy: religious officials
The Pope was the head of the Catholic Church
All clergy were under the authority of the pope
Bishops supervised local parish priests
Local priests had the greatest influence on most Europeans because they had the most contact with the people
Canon = Church Law
Religious
ROMAN EMPIRE
Not the Republic!
The Emperor was the head of the Roman Empire
Everyone was under his authority.
Regional Governors ran the provinces.
Generals and Centurions controlled the military.
Imperial law = Everyone had to obey Roman law or pay the price.
Secular = non-religious

5. The Church Helps Unify Europe
The Church was a stable force that helped unify Europe
The Church provided a sense of security and a community
Religion played a central role in Europe and the lives of most Europeans
Christians believed that God would reward them with salvation (heaven)
Christians believed that they needed to participate in the sacraments to achieve salvation
The Church also brought communities together
People worshipped together, especially on religious holidays

6. The 7 Sacraments
Priests and other religious officials administered the sacraments
Baptism
Reconciliation/Penance/Confession
Eucharist
Confirmation
Marriage
Holy Orders
Last Rights/Anointing of the Sick

7. Church Justice
The Church provided a unifying set of spiritual beliefs, ceremonies, rituals,
Canon Law is the official law of the Catholic Church
Excommunication: banishment from the Church (no sacraments = no heaven)
Interdict: many sacraments and religious services could not be performed in a kingdom or region (excommunication on a large scale for a entire area!!!) Why?

8. The Catholic Church
As the power of the Church grew, the Church began to play a political role in Europe
This led to conflicts between the Church and the leaders of Europe

9. Otto I Otto I was influenced by Charlemagne
He allied himself with the Church and used the clergy to help limit the power of the nobles
Otto invaded Italy and helped end a threat to the pope
In return, the pope crowned Otto emperor

10. The Holy Roman Empire

11. The Holy Roman Empire
Otto created a German-Italian empire that would eventually be called the Holy Roman empire
It was the strongest state in Europe until 1100

12. Lay Investiture
Lay investiture was the practice of kings and nobles appointing bishops
Question: Why would the Church be against political leaders choosing bishops? Explain your answer.

13. Lay Investiture : A Funny Story
In 1075, Pope Gregory VII banned the practice of lay investiture
Henry IV sent a nasty letter to Pope Gregory VII
Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry IV
Henry IV begged for forgiveness
The pope lifted the excommunication

14. The Concordat of Worms
In 1122, the Church and the Holy Roman emperor reached a compromise over the issue of lay investiture
The Church gave bishops their spiritual authority (ring and staff)
The emperor chose the location where the bishop would serve
The emperor also had veto power

15. E.Q #3: How did the church’s structure in the 5th century reflect the structure of the Roman Empire?
Pope = Emperor
Bishops = regional governors
Priests = Centurions
Canon Law = Imperial Law

16. E.Q #4: How did the church’s status when Rome fell lead to its importance during the Middle Ages?
church takes over basic functions of government (centralized authority, bureaucracy, judicial system, canon laws, etc.)
power/ abuse of power

17. E.Q #5: How did secular and religious authorities balance power?
spiritual power influenced temporal power (the government)
the crowning of Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans
lay investiture controversy

18. NEXT: The Crusades