1. The European Middle Ages

2. E.Q. 1: What was life like during the Middle Ages? Key Terms: medieval, classical, Romance languages

3. Civilization Declines Middle Ages, c. 500 – 1500 Europe after the fall of Rome Medieval—Latin for Middle Ages First 500 years esp. low (Dark Ages)

4. Society’s Roots Classical (Greek & Roman) heritage Christian Church Customs of Germanic Tribes

5. Cities Declined People moved from cities, away from attacks Rural lifestyle, villages People depended on farming to survive

6. Education Declined Farming, surviving more important than education Priests only literate ones, only read Latin Romance languages—Roman-based languages; Latin combined w/ Germanic languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian)

7. Government Declined People feel loyal to family, village, not a king No longer citizens of a country

8. Christian Church Increased Germanic Tribes eventually settled, converted to Christianity The church was the single-most civilizing force in society

9. E.Q. 2: What government and social systems developed in medieval Europe? Key Terms: feudalism, lord, vassal, fief, investiture, manorial system, serfs, three- field system, guild system, Charlemagne

10. Medieval Government—Feudalism Definition—political system, nobles are given land by their king in return for the vow to protect that land Gradually leads to rise of kingdoms, empires

11. Positions in Feudalism Lord—large land-owner, grants the land Vassals—nobles who receive the land & vow to protect it; lead the armies when lands under attack Army made up of knights Fief—plot of land granted Investiture—ceremony in which land is granted & the vassal swears to his lord

13. Empire Revived Charlemagne—king of Franks, 768 – 814 Created 1st empire since Romans Ran an organized, effective govt., paved the way for feudalism to dominate Europe Increased education for court members

15. Medieval Economy—Manorial System Manor—small estate containing village, farmland, forests; was the basic social & economic unit of Middle Ages Necessities of entire manor produced Most of pop. made of peasants Serfs—bound to land they worked; produced all food, clothing needed by those living on manor

17. Commercial Revolution Three-field system—farmland divided into three parts, different 2/3 planted each year Brought about surplus, villages began to trade Guild system—group of people working same occupation, control quality, wages & prices

18. E.Q. 3: What was the role of the Church in medieval Europe? Key Terms: seven sacraments, monasteries, Christendom, Holy Roman Empire, Gothic architecture

19. Church Practices Seven Sacraments—practices/rituals to receive forgiveness of sins & salvation (God’s favor) Baptism, penance, communion, confirmation, matrimony, anointing the sick, holy orders

20. Monastic Life Monasteries—religious communities where people gave up all possessions and devoted their lives to God (monks & nuns) Followed strict rules, schedules for work & prayer Best-run, most civilized communities in medieval Europe Preserved writing & education

22. Church Hierarchy Catholic Church has many ranks of power Pope—leader of Catholic Church; God’s representative on earth Cardinals, archbishops, bishops, priests

23. The Church Becomes Political Pope Gregory I, 590—first pope to become a religious & political leader Developed concept of Christendom— society based on a Christian Kingdom Felt his power should extend to all Christians Popes followed same idea, led to Schism of 1054

24. Holy Roman Empire Empire of central Europe, included mostly modern-day Germany & parts of Italy Worked closely w/ Catholic Church Pope was spiritual leader of Christians Emperor was protector & political leader of Christianity

26. Church Architecture Gothic—architectural design to make cathedrals taller & more decorative Allowed light into the cathedrals Depicted Bible stories to largely illiterate pop.

30. The Crusades

31. E.Q. 4: How did conflicts arise between the Church & European kingdoms? Key Terms: lay investiture, Gregory VII, Henry IV

32. Selecting Church Officials Lay investiture—ceremony in which kings & nobles appointed church officials Gave kings & nobles power over the Church

33. Reformers Demand Change Pope Gregory VII—banned lay investitures in 1075 Henry IV—Holy Roman Emperor, called meeting of his bishops & ordered Gregory to resign as pope Gregory excommunicated Henry Bishops & princes sided w/ the pope, rebelled against Henry

34. Henry begged forgiveness Stood in front of Gregory’s castle for 3 days in the snow Pope forgave him, but humiliated him Issue of lay investiture still unresolved

36. Concordat of Worms, 1122 Meeting of Church representatives & the HRE Agreed that Church had sole power to appoint bishops, but HRE could veto appointment