Muscles and Bones

This lesson covers: Part 1 - Five functions of bones Part 2 – Parts of a bone Part 3 – Types of joints Part 4 – Bone names Part 5 – Connective Tissue Part 6 – Three types of muscles Part 7 – How muscles work Part 8 – Muscle names Part 9 – Muscle and bone problems Part 10 – Care of muscles & bones

Bones are part of what body system?

Part 1: Five functions of bones Your bones have five really important jobs: Protection Structure & Support Movement Production Storage

1) Protection Your bones protect important body organs For example, your skull protects your brain

1) Protection Your ribs protect your lungs and heart Your vertebrae protect your spinal cord

2) Structure and Support Your bones give your body structure, support, and shape Without bones, you would be a giant blob

Can you guess the animal based on the shape of the skeleton? Dog Bat Snake Frog Can you guess the animal based on the shape of the skeleton?

Muscles connect to bones to allow for movement

Muscles contract, pulling your bones in a certain direction 3) Movement

4) Production Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made in the bone marrow

Minerals like calcium and phosphorus are stored inside your bones 5) Storage

These minerals make bones strong and hard to break 5) Store Minerals

‘Dem Bones Are Important!

Part 2: Parts of a bone The saying “dry as a bone” is not correct Bones are alive They have all sorts of cool layers

Label the Bone Parts: Bone Marrow Spongy Bone Bone Marrow Cavity Periosteum Compact Bone Label the Bone Parts:

Explain the Bone Parts: Bone Marrow: Where blood cells are formed Spongy Bone: Lighter, more porous Periosteum: Thin outer membrane Peri = outer, edge Osteo = bone Bone Marrow Cavity: Contains bone marrow Compact Bone: Harder, heavier, more dense

You can even explore bone cell structure if you wish!

Osteons are cylinder-shaped structures containing bone cells See how bone cells connect to each other for strength Osteons are cylinder-shaped structures containing bone cells

Bones are cool, yo !

Part 3: Types of Joints Any point at which bones meet is called a joint Most joints are movable, such as elbows, knees, fingers, and toes

Part 3: Types of Joints Some joints do not move For example: Where bones of your skull meet Your tailbone (coccyx)

Sutures are the points where immovable joints connect

Newborn babies have soft spots where the sutures have not yet closed permanently

Let’s look at the following kinds of joints: Hinge Gliding Pivot Ball and Socket

Hinge Joints: One direction only Like a door hinge Knees & elbows are hinges

Gliding Joints: Bones can slide and rub against each other Limited movement Wrists, ankles

Pivot Joints: Allow for spinning and limited rotation Where radius meets humerus at elbow Where head meets neck

Ball and Socket Joints: Move in all directions Allow rotation Hips and shoulders

Part 4: Bone names Your body has 206 bones! Each bone has a name

2 Skeletons Axial- The central portion or the skeleton that your extremities(arms and legs) attach to. They include the cranium, vertebrae, and ribs for a total of 80 bones. Appendicular- The upper and lower extremities that attach to the axial. They include arms, shoulders, legs and hips for a total of 126 bones.

Types of Bones 1. Long bones-(arms and legs, hands and feet)- shaped like tubes with knobs at each end 2. Short bones-(wrists, ankles, kneecaps)- used for small movements and assist with balance of weight. 3. Flat bones-(skull, ribs, sternum)-used for protection, shape and support 4. Irregular bones-(vertebrae, ossicles, hyoid)-have a variety of irregular shapes and purposes

206 Bones? Cranial bones (8) Facial bones (14) In the middle ears (6) In the throat (1) Shoulder girdle (4) In the thorax (25) Ribs (2 x 12) Vertebral column (24) In the arms (2) In the forearms (4) In the hands (54) In the pelvis (4) In the thighs (2) In the legs (6) In the feet (52)

Let’s learn the names of a few common bones:

Skull Bones:

Front view of Skull:

Side View of Skull:

Arm and Hand Bones:

How many ribs do you have?

Vertebrae (back bones) 7 total 12 total 5 total Sacrum: 5 Coccyx: 4 Vertebrae (back bones)

Pelvis Bone Anatomy:

Leg and Foot Bones:

Can You Name Them Bones?

1 – Cranium (skull) 2 – Mandible (jaw) 3 – Clavicle (collar bone) 4 – Sternum (breast bone) 5 - Humerus 6 - Ribs 7 – Vertebrae (back) 8 - Pelvis 9 – Ulna (pinky side) 10 – Radius (thumb side) 11 - Carpals 12 - Metacarpals 13 – Phalanges (fingers) 14 - Femur 15 – Patella (knee cap) 16 – Tibia (shin) 17 – Fibula (outside ankle) 18 - Tarsals 19 - Metatarsals 20 – Phalanges (toes)

Good job, you bone heads!

Part 5: Connective Tissue Let’s look at four types of connective tissue Ligaments Tendons Cartilage Synovial Fluid

Ligaments: Connect bones to bones at a joint

Ligaments: Strong cords of tissue that hold your skeleton together Keep your joints from popping out of place every time you move

Ligaments: Ligaments can be damaged!

Tendons: Attach muscle to bone

Tendons: Tough bands of tissue Very strong and flexible

Tendons: The Achilles Tendon attaches the calf muscle to the back of the heel Rupturing this tendon is not a good idea

Cartilage: Strong, flexible tissue which provides cushioning where bones meet Also provides for some movement

Places made of Cartilage: Nose Ears

Places made of Cartilage: Where the ribs meet the sternum Places made of Cartilage:

Places made of Cartilage: In rings around the trachea (windpipe) Keeps your breathing tube from collapsing

Places made of Cartilage: Anywhere long bones meet Knees, elbows, ankles, you name it! Places made of Cartilage:

Synovial Fluid: Lubricates the joints where the bones meet Very slimy and slippery

Synovial Fluid: Without proper synovial fluid, your cartilage is damaged Bones rub against rough cartilage, causing pain

Part 6: Three types of muscles Skeletal (voluntary) Smooth (involuntary) Cardiac (heart)

Types of Muscle: Found only in the heart Striped or striated, you can move voluntarily Found on stomach, intestines, cannot voluntarily move

Microscopic Slides:

Part 7: How muscles work Muscles contract because nerves from your brain and spinal cord tell them to contract

Nerve Cell Microscopic view of a nerve cell (neuron) connecting to muscle cells Muscle Cells How muscles work:

How muscles work: Most voluntary muscles work in opposing pairs on opposite sides of a joint One muscle contracts, the other relaxes

One example: The biceps contract, the triceps relax The triceps contract, the biceps relax One example:

Another example: Back muscles and abdominal muscles work in opposition One contracts, the other relaxes

Last Example: Chest and back muscles work in opposition Chest muscles push arms out, back muscles pull arms back Last Example:

Part 8: Muscle names There are over 600 muscles in the human body Each has a name!

Names of Common Muscles

What is your Shoulder muscle called?

What is your Chest muscle called?

What is the muscle which connects your neck and shoulders called?

What is the large pulling back muscle called?

What are you buttocks (rear end) muscles called?

What is the name of the muscle group on the back of your arm called?

What is the name of the muscle group on the front of your arm called?

What are your Calf muscles called?

What are your Front Thigh muscles called?

What are your Back Thigh muscles called?

What are your Abdominal muscles called?

? First Letters are given as hints D L G H C A D P B A Q ? First Letters are given as hints

Good job, muscle heads!

Part 9: Muscle and bone problems Let’s examine the following bone problems: Osteoporosis Fractures Arthritis Scoliosis

1. Osteoporosis: Brittle and porous bones It develops over time Affects women more than men

1. Osteoporosis: What increases risk? Not enough calcium and Vitamin D Not enough exercise Lack of certain hormones 1. Osteoporosis:

1. Osteoporosis: Can lead to broken bones Can lead to shortened stature and posture problems

2. Fractures: A break in a bone is called a fracture Let’s look at several types of fractures

Greenstick Fracture: Bone is not completely broken Sometimes called a “hairline” fracture

Simple Fracture: Bone is broken completely Bone has not poked through the skin Simple Fracture:

Compound Fracture: Bone is broken completely Bone is poking through the skin

Spiral Fracture: Caused by a twisting or spinning action For example, a runner’s foot gets caught in pot hole Spiral Fracture:

Transverse Fracture: Bone is broken straight across at a right angle

Comminuted Fracture: Bone is broken, splintered or crushed into a number of pieces

A bone is broken in more than one place Multiple Fracture:

3. Arthritis: A breakdown of cartilage that causes joint swelling, stiffness, and pain

3. Arthritis: Usually builds up over time Often caused by wear and tear and injuries 3. Arthritis:

3. Arthritis: There are many forms of arthritis Some forms even affect teens and children!

4. Scoliosis A side-ways irregular curvature of the spine

Affects about 7 million people in the United States 4. Scoliosis:

4. Scoliosis: Most school systems do scoliosis screenings Easier to treat if diagnosed early

What about muscle problems? Many muscle problems are discussed in the Unit on Physical Activities and Fitness What about muscle problems?

Part 10: Care of muscles and bones Muscles and bones must be taken care of and protected!

Follow our advice:

Ways to care for your bones …

1 – Be physically active: Physical activity makes bones stronger and more dense

2 – Eat foods high in calcium and phosphorus: These minerals make bones stronger Found in milk products, beans, many vegetables

3 – Sit, stand, and walk with straight posture: Protects spine and spinal cord

4 – Pay attention to your shoes: Properly fitting good shoes help support the bones of the feet and help prevent shin splints

5 – Wear proper safety equipment when playing sports: Safety equipment may help prevent bone and joint injuries

6 – Wear safety belts in your motor vehicle: Motor vehicle accidents can result in bone injuries, so wear you safety belt

Ways to care for your muscles …

1 – Engage in regular physical activity: Builds strength and endurance of skeletal and heart muscle Use them or lose them! 1 – Engage in regular physical activity:

2 – Warm up before and cool down after physical activities properly: Reduces the risk of pulled muscles and other injuries 2 – Warm up before and cool down after physical activities properly:

3 – Eat foods containing carbohydrates and protein: Carbs give you energy Protein builds and repairs muscle tissue 3 – Eat foods containing carbohydrates and protein:

4 – Maintain healthy weight: Extra body weight puts a strain on your muscles and heart Too much weight makes physical activity more difficult 4 – Maintain healthy weight:

5 – Learn to lift properly: Do not do what this guy is doing! Bend your knees Keep your back straight Use your leg muscles 5 – Learn to lift properly:

5 – Learn to lift properly: This is the proper way to lift! 5 – Learn to lift properly:

Thanks for paying attention