1. V. Skeleton

2. A. Skeleton Functions Provides support and shape
Internal framework
determines body’s shape .
Protects your organs (Axial Skeleton)
Skull - the brain
Rib cage - the heart and lungs
Vertebrae - the spinal cord

3. Enables movement (Appendicular Skeleton)
Sites for muscle attachment
Pull of muscles makes movement possible
Produces blood cells
In the red bone marrow
Stores fat and minerals
Fat stored in yellow marrow
Calcium and phosphate stored in a rigid matrix

5. B. Skeleton Structure Bones Ligaments Cartilage 206 bones
Living tissue with blood vessels and nerves
Endoskeleton (inside the body) .
Ligaments
Tough, flexible connective tissue
Holds bones together
Allows or prevents movement
Cartilage
Strong, flexible, smooth connective tissue
Cushions ends of bones
Allows smooth movement

6. C. Bone composition Compact bone tissue Dense Rigid and hard
Forms around blood capillaries that feed the bone .
Spongy bone tissue
Lacy open spaces
Provides strength and support
Found in long bones (arms and legs)
Sometimes contains red marrow

7. Mineral cycle – Growth and repair
Osteoblasts (bone cells) build calcium and other minerals into a matrix of bone
process is called ossification
Osteoclasts (bone cells) break down bone and deposit the calcium back into the blood (to build new bone)
Connective tissue
Collagen (a protein) makes bones flexible and durable
is woven into the matrix with the minerals
Marrow
Soft tissue inside of bones
Red Marrow
Produce red and white blood cells
Yellow Marrow
Stores fat

9. D. Bone Growth Fetus – most bones start as cartilage
Cartilage replaced by bone as baby grows
Osteocytes (bone cells) move into cartilage and change it into bone
Cartilage in growth plates continues to produce bone as child grows
Directed by hormones
Growth finished at age 25-30
Hardens completely
Can repair self if broken

10. E. Bone Connection - Joints
Allow movement or restrict movement
Connected by ligaments
Cushioned by cartilage
Fuse in skull (as a baby grows)
Types of joints
Ball and socket
Allows rotation
Example: shoulders and hips

11. Gliding joints Hinge joints Pivot joints
Allows flexibility in many directions
Example: Wrist and ankles
Hinge joints
Allows back and forth movement (like door hinge)
Example: knees and elbows
Pivot joints
Bones rotate and move slightly up and down
Example: vertebrae

12. Broken Wrist

13. F. Injuries and Disorders
Fractures
Impact breaks bone
Usually heals in 6-8 weeks
Sprains
Injury to ligament – stretching joint too far
Tissues tear
Swollen and painful to move
Common sports injury

14. Osteoporosis Arthritis
Disease that causes bone tissue to become thin and weak
Weak bones break easily
Older adults who did not get enough calcium before they were 30
Arthritis
Disease causes joints to swell, stiffen and become painful and misshapen
Treated with drugs that reduce swelling

16. VI. Muscles A. Function of Muscles Pump blood through body
Stability and movement
Move material inside the body
Blood in arteries and veins
Digestion system

18. B. Three Types of Muscles
Skeletal
Voluntary – able to control movements
Contractions pull bones together
Most work in pairs around a joint - one contracts, the other relaxes
Flexor bends a joint
Extender straightens a joint
Example: bicep (flexor) and tricep (extender)

19. Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Involuntary – not able to control
Internal organs and blood vessels
Moves materials through the body
Arteries and veins (blood)
Digestive system (food and waste)
Cardiac Muscle
Tissue that makes up the heart
Never gets tired – contains lots of mitochondria
Contractions push blood out of the heart

20. C. Injuries and disorders
Muscle strains and tears
Injury if overstretched or torn
Occurs if muscles are not warmed or stretched properly
Muscle tissue swells and is painful
Needs rest to heal
Muscular dystrophy
Hereditary disease that causes skeletal muscle to become weaker over time
Affects how muscle proteins form
Poor balance and difficulty walking

21. Tendinitis Inflammation of tendons that connect muscle to bone
Can be torn if overused
Needs rest to heal
May be treated with medicines that reduce inflammation

23. D. Benefits of Exercise Increase strength, endurance and flexibility
Keeps heart, lungs and bones healthy
Reduces stress and helps with sleep