LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS AUSTRALIA PART 3: EARTHQUAKES More lectures at Disasters Supercourse - http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/collections/collection52.htm Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

AUSTRALIA

LOW TO MODERATE SEISMIC RISK

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN AUSTRALIA FLOODS GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES CYCLONES HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT EARTHQUAKES WILDFIRES ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s heat flow and lithospheric interactions cause EARTHQUAKES

A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, cyclones,..) intersect at a point in space and time.

Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

THE REASONS ARE . . . The community is UN-PREPARED for what will happen

THE REASONS ARE . . . When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards

THE REASONS ARE . . . The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place

THE REASONS ARE . . . The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of emergency situations.

THE REASONS ARE . . . The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either this experience of the prior experiences.

TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

AUSTRALIA’S COMMINITIES HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION EARTHQUAKE RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK RISK QUAKE DISASTER REWILIENCE DATA BASES AND INFORMATION AUSTRALIA’S COMMINITIES PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION FORECASTS/SCENARIOS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK HAZARDS EXPOSURE RISK VULNERABILITY LOCATION

WHAT WILL HAPPEN? EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS (AKA THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

SEISMICITY TECTONIC SETTING & FAULTS EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS MODEL

TSUNAMI FAULT RUPTURE TECTONIC DEFORMATION DAMAGE/LOSS FOUNDATION FAILURE EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE/ LOSS SITE AMPLIFICATION DAMAGE/ LOSS GROUND SHAKING LIQUEFACTION DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS LANDSLIDES DAMAGE/ LOSS AFTERSHOCKS DAMAGE/ LOSS SEICHE DAMAGE/ LOSS

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN EARTHQUAKES “DISASTER LABORATORIES” FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES CAUSES OF DAMAGE HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP TSUNAMIS INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS FLOODING “DISASTER LABORATORIES” INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTH-QUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR ALL OF THE LIKELY EARTH-QUAKE HAZARDS IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS LOCATION OF STRUCTURE IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS EXPOSURE MODEL

QUALITY OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM VULNERABILITY MODEL

UNREINFORCED MASONRY, BRICK OR STONE REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED WALLS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS STEEL FRAME ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME V VI VII VIII IX INTENSITY

HIGH POTENTIAL LOSS EXPOSURES IN AN EARTHQUAKE A communities people, property, essential and critical infrastructure, business enterprise, and government centers.

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTH-QUAKES BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTH-QUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

AUSTRALIA’S NEWCASTLE EARTHQUAKE (Only M5.6) NEW SOUTH WALES December 28, 1989

NEWCASTLE

NEWCASTLE EARTHQUAKE

IMPACTS Fortunately, it happened at 10:28 am, so . . . Only 13 dead and 160 injured. The number of people in the city was lower than usual because of the holiday season

IMPACTS DAMAGED: over 35,000 homes, 147 schools, and 3,000 commercial and/or other buildings, with significant damage of more than $1,000 to 10,000 homes and 42 schools (structural damage) within the immediate Newcastle area.

AS4 billion (including an insured loss of about $1 billion)

THE NEXT EARTHQUAKE IS INEVITABLE EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NOT AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM!