2. IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

3. 2012: 7 BILLION PEOPLE DEPEND ON THE AVAILABILITY OF WATER

4. Nubia_Group

5. IN 2020, AS NOW, THE GLOBAL WATER SUPPLY … Should be available, without interruption, in sufficient QUANTITY to meet the primary needs of the people Should be of good QUALITY (i.e., CLEAN) to sustain life

6. KEY FACTORS WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS

7. Have POINT-SENSITIVE and AREA-SENSITIVE components, … Have varying vulnerabilities in their exposure to the TIME – and SPACE- DEPENDENT potential disaster agents of natural hazards.

8. WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS Above-ground siting makes water- and waste-water systems more vulnerable to earthquake ground shaking; inundation during, tsunamis, floods, and severe windstorms; and permanent deformation during landslides.

9. WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS Below-ground siting makes water distribution systems more nvulnerable to permanent deformation caused by earthquake-induced liquefaction.

10. WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS Vulnerability is a function of materials, age, maintenance, and the systems exposure as a site-specific, or a spatially- distributed above-or-below- ground system.

11. OVERVIEW OF RISK WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FACE DIFFERENT RISKS FROM DIFFERENT NATURAL HAZARDS

12. HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

13. WATER, WASTE WATER, AD DUSTRIBION SYSTEMS DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS NATURAL HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY RESILIENT SYSTEMS

14. DAMAGE; INJURIES ELEMENTS OF UNACCEPTABLE RISK FAILURE; DEATHS LOSS OF FUNCTION ECONOMIC LOSS LOSSECONOMIC RISKRISK

15. RISK MODELING RISK = NAT. HAZARD x EXPOSURE NOTE: X = CONVOLUTION SPECIFIC HAZARD: EXPOSURE: PEOPLE BUILDING STOCK WATER SYSTEMS GOVERNMENT & BUSINESSES

16. Individual Modeled Events Event Probability Dollars of Loss 1% 1/100 Thresho ld Event Individual Modeled Events 1% Tail of the Distribution INSURERS MODEL THE RISK DISTRIBUTION FOR ALL EXPOSURES AND ALL EVENTS Total Area Under Curve = EAL for Entire Portfolio of Risks Layers & Slices = Retentions and Transferred Amounts

17. DISASTER RISK LABORATORIES CONSIDER ALL PAST LOCAL-SCALE AND REGIONAL-SCALE EVENTS AS DISASTER RISK LABORATORIES

18. EARTHQUAKES

19. An Earthquake Can Cause A Disaster (Japan 2011)

20. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING, LIQUE- FACTION & LANDSLIDES) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN, AND ROUTE TSUNAMI IMPACTS POOR DETAILING AND WEAK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE DISASTER LABORATORIES

21. TSUNAMIS

22. A TSUNAMI CAN CAUSE A DISASTER (Thailand 2004)

23. HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES TSUNAMIS INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS INUNDATION INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI CAUSES OF DAMAGE DISASTER LABORATORIES

24. FLOODS

25. A FLOOD CAN CAUSE A DISASTER (China 2007)

26. LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN FLOODS INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURE & CONTENTS: DAMAGED BY WATER WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER CAUSES OF RISK DISASTER LABORATORIES

27. SEVERE WINDSTORMS

28. A SEVERE WINDSTORM CAN CAUSE A DISASTER

29. WIND PENETRATING BUILDING ENVELOPE SEVERE WINDSTORMS UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM INUNDATION AND MUDFLOWS STORM SURGE IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN SITING PROBLEMS FLYING DEBRIS CAUSES OF DAMAGE DISASTER LABORATORIES

30. COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION SEVERE WINDSTORMS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK SEVERE WINDSTORM RISK REDUCTION PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE Wind profile Storm Hazards: -Wind pressure -Surge -Rain -Flood -Waves -Salt water -Missiles -TornadoesOceanOcean Gradient Wind

31. LANDSLIDES

32. A MAJOR LANDSLIDE CAN CAUSE A DISASTER

33. SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES LANDSLIDES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE CAUSES OF DAMAGE DISASTER LABORATORIES

34. DISASTER RESILEINCE A GLOBAL GOAL FOR WATER-, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS:

35. TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE

36. DISASTERS OCCUR WHEN--- WATER-, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS ARE LEFT … UNPROTECTED AGAINST THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF NATURAL HAZARDS

37. DISASTER RESILIENCE RISK MODELING VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY EXPOSUREEXPOSURE EVENTEVENT POLICY IMPLEMENTATION COSTCOST BENEFITBENEFIT CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE WATER SYSTEMS EXPECTED LOSS

38. EARTHQUAKES

39. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING ) IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER CASE HISTORIES

40. INADEQUATE SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS (I.E., BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ) MEAN 1) INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING 2) COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS AND LOSS OF FUNCTION OF LIFELINES

41. SICHUAN, CHINA: BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

42. HAITI: BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

43. TURKEY: BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

44. CHINA: DAMS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

45. JAPAN: NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS NEED PROTECION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

46. UNDERGROUND UTILITIES NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE A UTILITY CORRIDOR IS VULNERABLE TO LOSS OF FUNCTION WHEN ROUTED THROUGH SOILS THAT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO LIQUEFACTION.