1. LEARNING FROM GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES PART 6: TSUNAMIS
lecture by Walter Hays Uploading date: August 03, 2014
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Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

2. TSUNAMIS OCCUR MOST OFTEN AS CIRCUM-PACIFIC EVENTS
CIRCUM-PACIFIC NATIONS ARE PRONE TO SUBDUCTION-ZONE EARTH-QUAKES AND TSUNAMIS

3. TSUNAMIS ALSO OCCUR IN THE INDIAN OCEAN (e.g., Dec. 26, 2004)

4. TSUNAMI FAULT RUPTURE TECTONIC DEFORMATION DAMAGE/LOSS
FOUNDATION FAILURE
EARTHQUAKE
DAMAGE/ LOSS
SITE AMPLIFICATION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
GROUND
SHAKING
LIQUEFACTION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/LOSS
LANDSLIDES
DAMAGE/ LOSS
AFTERSHOCKS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/ LOSS

5. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
EARTHQUAKES
GLOBAL “DISASTER LABORATORIES”
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

6. HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP
TSUNAMIS
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS
FLOODING
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

7. WE CONTINUE TO OPERATE WITH A FLAWED PREMISE: KNOWLEDGE FROM TSUNAMI DISASTERS, WHICH OCCUR IN ASSOCIATION WITH GREAT SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKES IN THE PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS, IS ENOUGH TO MAKE ANY NATION ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES TO FACILITATE DISASTER RESILIENCE

8. FACT: TSUNAMIS ARE NOT ANNUAL EVENTS; THEY ARE ALSO COMPLEX, SO MOST NATIONS, WHETHER IMPACTED OR NOT, USUALLY ARE SLOW TO ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES DESIGNED TO MOVE THEM TOWARDS TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE

9. EXAMPLES OF PAST TSUNAMI DISASTER LABORATORIES

10. GREAT SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE-INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI DISASTER
DECEMBER 26, 2004

11. 230,000 DEAD AFTER EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI
INDONESIA (Dec. 26, 2004): M9.3 earthquake followed by tsunami waves.

12. LOCATION

15. BEFORE AND AFTER THE DISASTER
SOURCE OF IMAGES: SPACE IMAGING/CRISP-SINGAPORE
NOTE: A TSUNAMI CAN TRAVEL AT SPEEDS OF 800 KM/HR IN THE DEEP OCEAN

16. BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

17. AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

18. BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

19. AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

20. BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

21. AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

22. DECEMBER 26, 2004 INDONESIA EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI DISASTER
TRIGGERED BY A SHALLOW, M 9.3 EARTHQUAKE LOCATED 260 KM (155 MI) FROM BANDA ACEH, SUMATRA
TSUNAMI WAVES WITH WAVE HEIGHTS OF 4 TO 10 M AND RUNUP OF 3.3 KM OR MORE ON COASTS OF 12 NATIONS
NO WARNING SYSTEM

23. DECEMBER 26, 2004 INDONESIA EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI DISASTER
THERE WAS AN IMMEDIATE NEED FOR FOOD, WATER, AND HEALTH CARE SERVICES TO PREVENT “A HEALTH-CARE DISASTER” AFTER THE TSUNAMI DISASTER.

24. EXAMPLE: 30,000 DEAD AFTER EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI
JAPAN (March 2011):

25. RADIATION RELEASE FROM NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
JAPAN (March 2011): The unthinkable happened after the earth-quake/tsunami.

26. THE PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER HAS A VITAL ROLE IN ISSUING TSUNAMI WARNINGS

27. TSUNAMI WAVES:NATON MYIAGI PREFECTURE

28. TSUNAMI WAVES: COAST OF NORTHERN JAPAN

29. OARAI INUNDATED BY TSUNAMI

30. TSUNAMI WAVES: SENDAI AIRPORT

31. SENDAI AIRPORT: COVERED WITH MUD FROM TSUNAMI

32. SENDAI AIRPORT: COVERED WITH CARS, MUD, & DEBRIS

33. TSUNAMI DAMAGE

34. FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR FACILITY HAD 3 FAILURES

35. EVACUATION OF CHILDREN

36. SEARCH AND RESCUE

37. THE TSUNAMI TRAVELED ACROSS THE PACIFIC

38. TSUNAMI WAVE PATH

39. EXAMPLE: SURPRISE! DEBRIS FROM JAPAN’S TSUNAMI NOW IN USA
RADIOACTIVE DEBRIS A YEAR AFTER THE MARCH 2011 EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI

40. EXAMPLE: MASS CARE OF SUR- VIVORS AFTER QUAKE AND TSUNAMI
CHILE EARTHQUAKE: “The race against time” to save lives and protect property starts immediately.

41. LESSON: THE KNOWLEDGE AND TIMING OF ANTICIPATORY ACTIONS IS VITAL
The people who know: 1) what to expect (e.g., strong ground motion, soil effects, tsunami wave run up, ground failure), 2) where and when they will happen, and 3) what they should (and should not) do to prepare for them will survive.

42. LESSON: TIMELY, REALISTIC DISASTER SCENARIOS SAVE LIVES
The people who have timely, realistic, advance information that facilitates reduction of vulnerabilities, and hence the risks associated with strong ground shaking, tsunami wave run up, and ground failure will survive.

43. SCHEMATIC OF TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM

44. LESSON: EMERGENCY RESPONSE SAVES LIVES
The “Uncontrollable and Unthinkable” events will always hinder the timing of emergency response operations, especially the search and rescue operations that are limited to “the golden 48 hours.”

45. LESSON: EMERGENCY MEDICAL PREPAREDNESS SAVES LIVES
The local community’s capacity for emergency health care (i,e., coping with damaged hospitals and medical facilities, lack of clean drinking water, food, and medicine, and high levels of morbidity and mortality) is vital for survival.

46. LESSON: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERED BUILDINGS SAVE LIVES
Buildings engineered to withstand the risks from an earthquake’s strong ground shaking and ground failure that cause damage, collapse, and loss of function, is vital for protecting occupants and users from death and injury.

47. LESSON: THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ALWAYS PROVIDES AID
The International Community provides millions to billions of dollars in relief to help “pick up the pieces, ” but this strategy is not enough by itself to ensure earthquake disaster resilience.

48. YOUR COMMUNITY MONITORING ACCEPTABLE RISK SCENARIO MAPS INVENTORY
VULNERABILITY
LOCATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE
DATA BASES AND INFORMATION
YOUR
COMMUNITY
PREPAREDNESS
PROTECTION
/EARLY WARNING
EM RESPONSE
RECOSTRUCTION AND RECOVERY
TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS 48

49. PILLARS OF TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
Anticipatory Preparedness
Adoption and Implementation of a Modern Earthquake Engineering Building Code
Realistic Tsunami Disaster Scenarios
Timely Emergency Response (including Emergency Medical Services)
Cost-Effective Reconstruction & Recovery

50. THE CHALLENGE:
POLICY CHANGES: CREATE, ADJUST, AND REALIGN PROGRAMS, PARTNERS AND PEOPLE UNTIL YOU HAVE CREATED THE KINDS OF TURNING POINTS NEEDED FOR MOVING TOWARDS TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE

51. AN UNDER-UTILIZED GLOBAL STRATEGY To Create Turning Points for Tsunami Disaster Resilience
USING EDUCATIONAL SURGES CONTAINING THE PAST AND PRESENT LESSONS TO FOSTER AND ACCELERATE POLICY CHANGES

52. MOVING TOWARDS THE MUST-HAPPEN GLOBAL STRATEGY To Achieve Tsunami Disaster Resilience
INTEGRATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS WITH POLITICAL SOLUTIONS IN EVERY NATION FOR REALISTIC POLICIES ON PREPAREDNESS, PROTECTION, EARLY WARNING, DISASTER SCENARIOS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, RECONSTRUCTION, AND RECOVERY

53. EXAMPLE: 2014 TSUNAMI SCENARIO FOR ALASKA (USGS)