Reconstruction 1865-1877

Reconstruction Refers to the rebuilding of the South after the Civil War from 1865- 1877. Once the Civil War ended the country was faced with several questions: 1. How would the South be rebuilt. 2. What would be the place in society of the 4 million freed slaves? 3. How should the South states be treated? Lincoln before his assassination had advocated a low threshold for the rebellious states to be readmitted.

South Destroyed Historic cities such as Richmond, ___________, Jackson, and Atlanta were destroyed. Banks closed, factories were destroyed, railways destroyed. With the end of slavery, the ______________ system collapsed. Some slaves supported emancipation, others resisted The black family was strengthened because slave marriages were granted legal status. Thousands of “_____________” moved to Kansas for land

Lincoln and Johnson’s plans Lincoln believed that the South could not constitutionally leave the Union and never did. For this reason, Lincoln was lenient to the South. Lincoln’s plan was called the ___________________________________ (1863) Also called the _______________ because it required only 10% of a state’s population to take a loyalty oath. It also gave full pardons to former Confederates who took the oath and accepted the ________________________________

Lincoln and Johnson’s plan Radical Republicans feared the plan was too weak and would lead to ex-Confederates gaining control of the state governments. Passed the _____________________ which required 50% of voters to take the loyalty oath and allowed only non-Confederates to vote for a new ________________________ Pocket vetoed by Lincoln. _______________________- if the President does not sign a bill and Congress is not in session, the bill does not become law. Andrew Johnson’s plan was similar to Lincoln’s by not allowing former Confederate leaders to not hold office or vote. Johnson pardoned many ex-Confederates.

Reconstruction To aid former slaves, Congress established: 1. ___________________________-provided food, shelter and medical aid for freed slaves and poor whites. Greatest success was in education. Taught 200,000 freed slaves to read. 2. _________________________-declared all African Americans to be citizens. ___________ Amendment had abolished slavery. 3. __________________________-made African Americans citizens, obligated the states, not just the Federal Government to uphold the rights of citizens. Provided for “Equal protection of the laws” and Due Process. 4. __________________________-gave African Americans the right to vote.

Southern Reaction Within 8 months of the end of the war, all 11 states of the Confederacy had reached the mark needed to become part of the Union. All had repudiated succession and ratified the _________________. _____________________________________________ Former Confederates were elected to Congress. _____________________-restricted rights and movements of blacks. 1. Prevented blacks from borrowing money to purchase land. 2. forced blacks into work contracts. 3. prohibited blacks from testifying in court against whites. Set the stage for __________________ laws later.

Radical Reconstruction Republicans were divided into two groups: 1. Moderates and 2. ______________________ Radicals supported ___________________________. Wanted Southern representation since blacks were now voters. Leading radicals: Rep._________________________-Pennsylvania Benjamin Wade-Ohio Senate-Charles Sumner-Massachusetts Johnson angered these Republicans by vetoing bills that funded the Freeman’s Bureau and protected black voting rights.

Radical Reconstruction A Report of the Joint Committee in both the House and Senate in 1866 recommended that former Confederate states were not allowed be represented in Congress. Congress rejected Johnson’s plan and reasserted Congress’ right to determine how states would re-enter the Union. In 1867, Congress passed three _____________________ These acts divided the South into _______________________ under army control. For re-admission, states had to ratify the 14th Amendment and protect the right to vote for all males regardless of race. When a state met the requirements, the troops _________________ Ranged from 1 year (Tennessee) to nine years (Florida).

Reconstruction in theSouth Republicans and Radical Republicans controlled most state legislatures and were a combination of white Southerners, Freedmen, and recently arrived Northerners. Southern Democrats referred these men by nicknames: 1. __________________-Southern Republicans 2. __________________-newly arrived Northern Republicans Northerners went South to set up businesses, some to aid Freedmen and others to plunder. Ex Parte Milligan ____________________- Democrats elected when troops were removed. “Solid South”

African America legislators Most African Americans elected in the South were property holding moderates. Republicans sent two African Americans to the Senate. More than a dozen to the House of Representatives. Hiram Revels took Jefferson Davis’ Senate seat from Mississippi. Many more held office at the state level.