1. Reconstruction Rebuilding the Union

2. Defining Questions How would the South be rebuilt physically and socially? How would the former slaves fare as free men and women? How would Southern states be reintegrated into the Union? Who would direct the process of Reconstruction- Southern states, president, or Congress? What should be done with the captured Confederate ringleaders who were liable to charges of treason?

3. I. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Perspective on secession: never formally left Passage of 13 th Amendment months after Lincoln’s death Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction 1863 Full presidential pardons for people who took oath of allegiance and accepted emancipation of slaves “10% Plan”: States reestablished with 10% of voters swearing loyalty Required new state anti-slavery constitutions

5. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Republicans angry – call for 50% loyalty Moderate vs. radical views of secession Lincoln pocket vetoes Freedman’s Bureau (1865) Kind of welfare agency Confiscated lands never go to freed slaves Success in education Lincoln’s final speech: supported the vote for intelligent African Americans

7. Summary? Southern states had never legally left the Union Very lenient policy His assassination will end Lincoln’s reconstruction, but not presidential reconstruction

13. II. Johnson’s Reconstruction Self-taught Tennessean, disliked privileged southern elite, white supremacist 10% plan plus… Disenfranchisement of CSA leaders, those with more than $20K property Presidential right to pardon Used pardon OFTEN State conventions to repeal secession and ratify 13 th amendment

15. Southern Governments 11 states back to Congress after 8 months (including many Confederate leaders) No states gave voting rights to blacks Black Codes Passed No renting land or borrowing money Freedmen in semi-bondage using work contracts Couldn’t testify against whites in court or serve on juries Sharecropping

16. Analysis? Without federal legislation, lives of blacks in South wouldn’t change much. Raised the question: “Who won the war?” Republican Congress vs. Johnson December 4, 1865- refuse admittance of southern Congressmen December 6, 1865- Johnson acknowledges restoration of the Union

17. Johnson’s End Vetoes Increasing Freedman’s Bureau Civil Rights bill- citizenship “Swing around the circle” fails with Republican gains in ’66 Impeachment 1867 Went against Tenure of Office Act by firing Secretary of War Stanton Impeached in House, one vote short of removal in Senate

20. Republican Fears? Rights of African Americans Political power Doubts of loyalty Radicals ranks grow as Democrats gain power

21. Radical Republican Reconstruction Civil Rights Act of 1866 Citizens, legal shield against Black Codes Needs permanence 14 th Amendment Obligated STATES to equal protection under the law, due process Extra clauses: no CSA leaders can hold office, CSA pay its own debt

23. Joint Committee: Report that Congress has the authority to determine reconstruction Reconstruction Acts of 1867 South under military occupation 5 military districts Increased requirements for readmission (had to ratify 14 th amendment, let black men vote)

28. Grant elected in ’68 and ‘72 Fifteenth Amendment Right to vote Civil Rights Act of 1875 Equal accommodations in public places African Americans on juries

29. Realities in the South Reconstruction governments were temporary “Scalawags” and “carpetbaggers” African-American legislators Redeemers regained power by 1877 Agenda: states’ rights, lower taxes, white supremacy

30. Slavery by another name Sharecropping 15 th amendment loopholes: poll taxes, grandfather clause, literacy tests Ku Klux Klan founded in 1867 Jim Crow laws established after Reconstruction

34. The End of Reconstruction A shift in priorities Northern republicans turn to business Amnesty Act of 1872 Election of 1876: Hayes vs. Tilden The Compromise of 1877 marks the official end of military Reconstruction in the South

35. Success or Failure? SuccessesFailures

36. Success or Failure? SuccessesFailures 13 th, 14 th, 15 th amendments Freedmen’s Bureau Liberalized southern constitutions Universal male suffrage Property rights for women Debt relief Modern penal codes Internal improvements State institutions (hospitals, etc.) State supported public schools Temporary Freedmen’s Bureau Sharecropping replaced slavery KKK Motives of Radical Republicans? Southern resentment