NATIONALISM: REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA Why were nationalist revolutions occurring in Latin America? Mexico Spanish South America

Latin American Class System The success of the Enlightenment, American & French Revolutions inspires colonies controlled by France, Spain & Portugal Strong class system (racial) in place in Latin America, rights depended where you were in this system Europeans born in Spain/Portugal, top Govt jobs Peninsulares (1%) Europeans born in Latin America, landowners & govt jobs/top army jobs Creoles (22%) Mixed Indian & European, merchants & low gov jobs/army Mestizos (15%) Mixed African & European, low wage labor jobs Mulattos (7%) Slaves (5%) African, labor jobs Indigenous People, few jobs available Indians (50%)

SAINT DOMINGUE (Haiti) 1791: First Latin American revolution happens in the Caribbean 100K of the 500K enslaved Africans rose up against their masters in the French Colony of Saint Domingue Slaves were led by Toussaint L’Ouverture French send troops to retake the island Toussaint stops the revolution after slavery is abolished on Saint Domingue After slavery is restored, the French capture Toussaint & take him to a prison in the French Alps More slaves join the fight, slave army now led by Jean-Jacques Dessailines 1804: Dessailines defeats French Army & creates nation of Haiti – Napoleon leaves the Americas

SPANISH SOUTH AMERICA Due to Napoleonic Wars, Spain losing their grip on Lat. Am colonies 1811: Influenced by Am. Rev a Creole General named Simón Bolívar fights for independence in Venezuela Bolívar has little success until 1819, leads an army over Andes Mountains into New Granada (Colombia/Ecuador), surprising Spain 1821: Venezuela & New Granada are independent (become Gran Colombia), 1822: Bolívar heads to Peru 1816: Creole General José de San Martín begins independence movement in Rio de la Plata (Argentina/Paraguay/Uruguay) Simón Bolívar 1817: Heads into Andes to fight Spanish army in nearby Chile José de San Martín

1821:Combined armies beat Spanish in Chile In the Andes, San Martín meets an Irish-Peruvian Bernardo O’Higgins, they decide to combine armies 1821:Combined armies beat Spanish in Chile 1822: San Martín heads to Peru, O’Higgins stays 1823: San Martín and Bolívar discuss combining armies to defeat Spain in Peru 12/9/1824: Bolívar (El Libertador) leads combined armies, final battle was won in Ayacucho, Peru Bernardo O’Higgins After victory, political in-fighting begins between S. American leaders – no unity Cap-Gen of Chile

NEW SPAIN (Mexico/Central America) 1810: Padre Miguel Hidalgo calls for a revolution against Spain Sept 16: to symbolize start of the war of independence, Hidalgo rang the bells of his church Speech is El Grito de Dolores, the Cry of Dolores Hidalgo’s Indian & Mestizo army began to march towards Mexico City. 80,000 people would join 1811: Spanish Army led by Creoles defeat Hidalgo’s army Miguel Hidalgo Hidalgo is executed by Spanish Authorities Padre José Morelos continues war but his army defeated 4 years later

Agustin Iturbide Dom Pedro I 1816: King of Spain returns to power, Creoles lose their privileges Creoles unite w/ Mestizos and Indians, General Agustin Iturbide declares Mexican Independence 1821: Fed up w/ wars, Spain grants independence to Mexico which includes Central America 1823: Central American leaders win independence when Emp. Iturbide is overthrown Agustin Iturbide BRAZIL 1808: Royal family of Portugal flees to Brazil when Napoleon invades King João gives Brazil co-kingdom status 1821: João returns to Portugal leaves son Dom Pedro in charge of Brazil 1822:João takes away co-Kingdom status Creoles threaten war, João gives Brazil independence, his son Dom Pedro is Emperor Dom Pedro I