1. Chap 28 Day 3

2. Haitian Revolution Only successful slave revolt Island of Hispaniola
Spanish colony Santo Domingo in east (now Dominican Republic)
French colony of Saint-Domingue in west (now Haiti)
Rich Caribbean colony
Sugar, coffee, cotton
Almost 1/3 of France’s foreign trade
Haitian Revolution

3. Society in Saint-Domingue
1790:
40,000 white French settlers
Dominated social structure
30,000 gens de couleur (free people of color, i.e. mixed-race, freed slaves)
Holders of small plots
500,000 black slaves of African descent
High mortality rate, many flee to mountains
“Maroons,” escaped slaves

4. The Revolt Inspired by American and French revolutions
500 gens de couleur sent to fight British in American War of Independence
1789 white settlers demand self-rule, but with no equality for gens de couleur
1791 civil war breaks out
Slaves revolt under Vodou priest named Boukman
French, British, Spanish forces attempt to intervene

5. François-Dominique Toussaint (1744-1803)
Renames self Louverture (“the opening”), 1791
Descendant of slaves, freed in 1776
Helped his original owners escape, then joined rebel forces
Built army of 20,000, eventually dominated Saint-Domingue
1801 promulgated constitution of equality
1802 arrested by Napoleon’s forces, died in jail
French troops driven out, 1804 Haiti declares independence
Known as the “Black Napoleon”

6. Latin American Society
30,000 peninsulares, colonial officials from Iberian peninsula
3.5 million criollos (creoles), born in the Americas of Spanish or Portuguese descent
Privileged class, but grievances with peninsulares
led movements for creole-dominated republics
10 million others
African slaves, mixed-race populations

7. Mexican Independence
Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal (1807) weakens royal authority in colonies
Priest Miguel de Hidalgo ( ) leads revolt
Hidalgo captured and executed, but rebellion continues
Creole general Augustin de Iturbide ( ) declares independence in 1821
Installs self as Emperor, deposed in 1823, republic established
Southern regions form federation, then divide into Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica

8. Simon Bolivar Led independence movement in South America
Native of Caracas (Venezuela), influenced by Enlightenment, George Washington
Rebels against Spanish rule 1811, forced into hiding
Forms alliances with many creole leaders
José de San Martín (Argentina, )
Bernardo O’Higgins (Chile, )
Spanish rule destroyed in South America by 1825

9. Gran Colombia Bolívar hoped to form U.S.-style federation
Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador form Gran Colombia
Attempts to bring in Peru and Bolivia
Strong political differences, Gran Colombia disintegrates
Bolívar goes into self-imposed exile, dies of tuberculosis

10. Brazilian Independence
Napoleon’s invasion sends Portuguese royal court to exile in Rio de Janeiro
1821 King returns, son Pedro left behind as regent
Pedro negotiates with creoles, declares independence of Brazil
Becomes Emperor Pedro I (r )
Social structure remains largely intact
Pedro I ( ) was a Portuguese king and emperor of Brazil. As prince regent of Brazil, he declared the independence of Brazil and then became emperor.

12. Assessment
Compare and contrast the Latin American Revolutions with either the American Revolution or the French Revolution
Create a THESIS Statement